1. 1-4 Tools and Procedures Key Concepts: Vocabulary:
What measurement system do most scientists use?
How are light microscopes and electron microscopes similar? How are they different?
Vocabulary:
Metric system
Microscope
Compound light microscope
Electron microscope
Cell culture
Cell fractionation

2. Metric System Length Mass Volume Temperature Meters Grams Liters
ºCelsius

3. UNITS! SCALE= multiples of 10 kilo hecto deka (g, m, or L) deci centi
milli
.001
.01 .1 1 10
100
1000

4. Analyzing Biological Data The simple way to record data
Make a table…
Then make a graph
Graphs make patterns easier to recognize and understand

5. Organizing Data Data is organized and presented in tables, charts, and graphs.
GRAPHING...
Graph-visual representation of data
1) DESCRIPTIVE title
2) x and y axis labeled
3) units for both the x and y axis
4) scale is evenly and correctly spaced for data
5) legend/key when appropriate

6. LINE GRAPH LINE GRAPH: best for displaying data that CHANGE.
Manipulated (independent) Variable: x-axis
Responding (dependent) variable: y-axis

7. BAR GRAPHS
BAR GRAPH: useful when you want to compare data for several individual items

8. “Water Released and Absorbed by Trees”
Turn to page 25 in your books
What is on the x-axis?
What is on the y-axis?
At what time of day is the rate of water released by leaves equal to the rate of water absorbed by the roots?

9. Microscopes
Light Microscopes
Electron Microscopes

10. MICROSCOPE NOTES COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE: most common scope
Advantages: get higher magnification than with a dissecting scope.
Drawbacks: the light comes from below so sample must be very thin so you can see
Useful for viewing single cells
Usually view dead things with this microscope.
Limit of resolution: if you magnify beyond this point, the object will be blurry.

11. DISECTING MICROSCOPE: used to view dissection or small live (sleeping) animals such as fruit flies.
Advantages: can view samples that are alive; large field of view
Drawbacks: magnification is not as high as other microscopes.

12. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (SEM): used to see very small “stuff”
Advantages: can study very small objects such as viruses and individual molecules; limit of resolution is 1000x that of a light microscope.
Drawbacks: done in a vacuum, so object must be dead; also very expensive!

13. Face of an ant!
IMAGES
PINHEAD

14. Laboratory Techniques
Cell Culture
A group of cells develops from a single original cell.
Cell fractionation
Used to separate the different parts of a cell
Cells are blended
Added to a liquid and placed in a tube
Centrifuge at 20,000 revolutions per minute
Spinning separates the cell parts by density.

15. EYEPIECE
COURSE ADJUSTMENT
FINE ADJUSTMENT
ARM
LOW-POWER OBJECTIVE
ARM
HIGH-POWER OBJECTIVE
STAGE
STAGECLIPS
FINE ADJUSTMENT
STAGECLIPS
BASE
IRIS
MIRROR
COURSE ADJUSTMENT
LAMP
DIAPHRAGM