1. GROWTH OF INDUSTRY

2. RAILROADS 1865-35,000 miles of track 1900-193,000 miles of track
Greatest impact on economy
Encouraged mass production, mass consumption, & specialization
Creates time zones
Creation of modern stockholder corporation

3. RAILROADS Early building-local lines
Resulted in incompatible equipment
Age of railroad coincides with settlement of the frontier
Linking east & west creates a national market
Federal government provides loans & land grants to private railroad companies
Hasty & poor construction
Corruption-Credit Mobilier

4. RAILROADS First Transcontinental Railroad Link CA with rest of nation
Work divided between two railroad companies
Union Pacific-start from Omaha, NE, build west
Central Pacific-start from Sacramento, CA-build east
Labor
Union Pacific-Civil War vets & Irish
Central Pacific-Chinese
May 10th, 1869-Promontory Point, UT
Golden spikes

5. RAILROADS Four other transcontinental railroads
New Orleans to Los Angeles (1883)
Kansas City to Los Angeles (1883)
Duluth, MN to Seattle, WA (1883)
St. Paul, MN to Seattle, WA (1893)
Only one built without government subsidies

6. TECHNOLOGY 1867-typewriter (Christopher Shoales)
1876-telephone (Alexander G. Bell)
1879-Cash register
1884-fountain pen
1888-adding machine & Kodak camera
Greatest inventors of 19th century
Thomas Edison
George Westinghouse

8. CONSUMPTION New ways for businesses to sell products
Large Department stores
RH Macy-New York
Marshall Fields-Chicago
“Give the lady what she wants”
Neighborhood discount stores
Frank Woolworth

10. CONSUMPTION Mail order catalogues Pre-packaged foods
Sears Roebuck
Pre-packaged foods
Kellogg & Post
Refrigerated railroad cars

11. INDUSTRIAL EMPIRES
Shift in industrial production from textiles to heavy industry
Production of steel, petroleum, electric power, & machinery
New forms of business-monopolies
John D. Rockefeller-Standard Oil (trust/horizontal integration)
Andrew Carnegie-US Steel (Holding Company/vertical integration)
JP Morgan-banking (Interlocking Directorate)

13. INDUSTRIAL EMPIRES Anti-trust movement Social Darwinism
Give power back to consumers
Sherman Anti-trust Act (1890)
“prohibited any contract, combination or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce.”
Too vague-did not stop monopolies
Hard to enforce
Social Darwinism
Darwin’s theory of natural selection
10% of the population controlled 9/10th of nation’s wealth
Horatio Alger theory
“Rags to Riches” stories
Hard work & honesty leads to wealth

14. LABOR By 1900-2/3rd of Americans working 10 hours a day 6 days a week
Wages determined by employers
In 1890, most families earned less than $380 a year

15. LABOR Biggest change of time-working women 1 out of 5 worked
Most young & single
Most in the textile, garment, or food processing industries
New inventions led to new occupations
Secretaries, book keepers, typists, & telephone operators

16. LABOR Changes in factory work Highly structured
Regulated to increase productivity
Repetitive
Very dangerous-especially for children
Huge turnover
Workers easily replaced

17. LABOR Management held all the power
Only protests-absenteeism & quitting
Formed first unions
Employers created techniques to discourage workers from joining unions
Lockout
Blacklist
Yellow Dog Contract
Private detectives
“Pinkertons”
Court injunctions

18. UNIONS National Labor Union (1866)
First attempt to organize all workers
640,000 members by 1868
Wanted 8 hour day & equal rights for women and African-Americans
Lost support after Railroad strike of 1877 & the creation of the Knights of Labor

19. UNIONS Great Railroad Strike (1877) Panic of 1876-railroad cut wages
Strike spreads across county
Shut down 2/3rd of nation’s railroads
Pres. Hayes used troops to end strike
100 people killed

20. UNIONS Knights of Labor (1869) All workers
Used political activity, education, & arbitration
More success with strikes
Downfall due to Haymarket Affair & Creation of the American Federation of Labor

21. UNIONS Haymarket Affair (1886) Union rally-against police actions
Ends with 10 workers dead & hundreds injured

22. UNIONS American Federation of Labor (1886)-Samuel Gompers
Skilled workers only
Excluded women & African-Americans
Believed in supporting candidates & collective bargaining
Helped raise the weekly wage and the average work week decreased
But only for skilled workers
30% of population

23. UNIONS American Railway Union (1893)
Eugene Debs
All railroad workers, except Chinese & African-Americans
Believed in strikes & violent protests
Downfall due to Pullman strike

24. UNIONS Pullman strike (1894)
Cut wages & fired Union leader who brought demands to management
Boycott of Pullman cars
Pullman links cars with federal mail cars
Pres. Cleveland orders boycott to end
Union leaders jailed-strike ends

25. UNIONS By 1900-Only 3% of workers belonged to a union
Industrial Workers of the World (1905)
“Big Bill” Haywood
Unskilled workers
Concentrated in the west
Radical & violent
Very successful, but WWI begins and conditions improve
Proved unskilled workers could organize