1. Domain Monera (PROKARYOTIC): - Archaea - Bacteria
Chapter 16 Notes
Domain Monera (PROKARYOTIC): - Archaea - Bacteria

2. Bacteria are very small

3. This is a pore in human skin and the yellow spheres are bacteria

4. Bacteria are very small compared to cells with nuclei

5. Bacteria compared to a white blood cell that is going to eat it

6. Clean skin has about 20 million bacteria per square inch

7. Evolution/Classification
Bacteria are the most numerous and most ancient species on Earth
Evolution has yielded many species adapted to survive where no other organisms can.
Bacteria are grouped based on:
Structure, physiology (function), molecular Composition and reaction to specific types of staining procedures.
Eubacteria= typical germs/bacteria
Archaebacteria

8. Archaebacteria

9. Kingdom Archaebacteria – Type, Structure, Functions
Archaebacteria belongs to the domain Archaea
(use to be one domain-Monera)
Prokaryotes = unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus.
Lack a peptidoglycan layer
Have different membrane lipids than Eubacteria
First discovered in extreme environments

10. Three types of Archaebacteria:
Methanogens: Harvest energy by converting H2 and CO2 into methane gas
Anaerobic, live in intestinal tracts
Extreme halophiles: Salt loving, live in Great Salt Lake, and Dead sea.
Thermophiles: Live in acid environments and high temps.
Hot Springs, volcanic vents

11. Chemosynthetic bacteria use the sulfur in the “smoke” for energy to make ATP.

12. The red color of this snow is due to a blue-green bacteria

13. Nutrition:
Same as Eubacteria!
Reproduction and Growth:

14. Eubacteria

15. Kingdom Eubacteria SHOW ME Types, Structure, Functions
Can have one of 3 basic shapes:
Bacilli – rod-shaped
Spirilla – spiral-shaped
Cocci – sphere-shaped
Staphylo– in grape-like clusters
Strepto – in chains
SHOW ME

16. BACTERIA PICS

17. Bacillus bacteria are rod or oval shaped

18. Coccus bacteria are sphere or circle shaped

19. Spirillium bacteria have a corkscrew shape

20. Diplo-bacteria occur in pairs, such as the diplococcus bacteria that causes gonorrhea

21. Staphylo-bacteria occur in clumps, such as this staphylococcus bacteria that causes common infections of cuts

22. Strepto- bacteria occur in chains of bacteria, such as this streptococcus bacteria that causes some types of sore throats

23. Gram Stain Gram-positive retain stain and appear purple
Have thicker layer in cell wall.
Gram-negative do not retain stain and take second pink stain instead.
Phylum
Shape
Movement
Metabolism
Gram reaction
Cyanobacteria
Bacilli, Cocci
Gliding, some non-motile
Aerobic, photosynthetic autotrophic
Gram-negative
Spirochetes
Spirals
Corkscrew
Aerobic, and anaerobic; heterotrophic
Gram-Pos
Bacilli, cocci
Flagella; some non-motile
Aer/anaer.; heterotrophic, photosynthetic
Mostly gram-positive
Proteobacteria
Bacilli, cocci, spiral
Aer/anaer.; heterotrophic, photosynthetic autotrophic

24. STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA Structure Function Cell Wall
Protects and gives shape
Outer Membrane
Protects against antibodies (Gram Neg. Only)
Cell Membrane
Regulates movement of materials, contains enzymes important to cellular respiration
Cytoplasm
Contains DNA, ribosomes, essential compounds
Chromo-some
Carries genetic information
Plasmid
Contains some genes obtained through recomb.
Capsule & Slime Layer
Protects the cell and assist in attaching cell to other surfaces
Endospore
Protects cell against harsh environments
Pilus
Assists the cell in attaching to other surfaces
Flagellum
Moves the cell

25. No Nucleus-DNA in Cytoplasm

26. Nutrition and Growth: Temperature requirements
Heterotrophic or Autotrophic
Some are Photoautotrophs – Use sunlight for Energy
Some are Chemoautotrophs.
Many are Obligate Anaerobes.
Oxygen = Death
Ex. Clostridium tetani – Tetanus
Some are Faculatative Anaerobes
With or without Oxygen
Ex. Escherichia Coli
Some are Obligate Aerobes
Ex. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Temperature requirements
Some are Thermophilic, Some prefer acidic envmt.

27. These heterotrophic bacteria digest oil -- remember oil is partially decayed plant and animal cells

28. Reproduction and Growth:
DNA is circle or loop shape
Asexual reproduction
Reproduce through BINARY FISSION.
Binary Fission is like mitosis but produce a COMPLETELY new organism!
(Not just a new part of an organism)
Can reproduce and grow very quickly – thousands of new bacteria within minutes!

29. BACTERIAL REPRODUCTION 1) First the DNA is copied

30. NEXT THE CYTOPLASM AND CELL DIVIDES
Then the two resulting cells are split.
3) Offspring are identical

31. In addition to the large chromosomal DNA, bacteria have many small loops of DNA called Plasmids.

32. Genetic Recombination
Nonreproductive methods bacteria can acquire new genetic material.
Transformation
Conjugation
Transduction
Method of DNA Transfer
Across cell wall and cell membrane of recipient (Griffith’s Experiments with mice!)
Through a conjugation bridge between two cells
By a virus

33. TRANSFORMATION
This plasmid of DNA is new to the bacteria – added by transformation! Produces the glowing protein

34. CONJUGATION

35. TRANSDUCTION

36. Some bacteria cause diseases and are called PATHOGENIC.

37. Bacteria and Disease Disease Pathogen Areas affected
Mode of transmission
Botulism
Clostridium botulinum
Nerves
Improperly preserved food
Cholera
Vibrio cholerae
Intestine
Contaminated water
Dental Caries
Streptococcus mutans, sanguis, salivarius
Teeth
Environment to mouth
Gonorrhea
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Urethra, fallopian
Sexual contact
Lyme disease
Berrelia burgdorferi
Skin, joints
Tick bite
Rocky Mountain SF
Rickettsia recketsii
Blood, skin
Salmonella
Contaminated food, water
Strep throat
Streptococcus pyogenes
URT, blood, skin
Sneezes, coughs, etc.
Tetanus
Costridium tetani
Contaminated wounds
Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Lung, bones
coughs

38. Helicobacterpylori is the pathogenic bacteria that can causes ulcers

39. Leprosy is a bacterial infection that decreases blood flow to the extremities resulting in the deterioration of toes, ears, the nose and the fingers.

40. BOTOX – uses bacteria that causes botulism (spoiled canned food)

41. CHOLERA

42. DENTAL CARIES

43. ROCKY MOUNTAIN SF

44. LYME DISEASE

45. SALMONELLA

46. STREP THROAT

47. TUBERCULOSIS

48. Common Antibiotics Antibiotic Mechanism Target bacteria Penicillin
Inhibits cell wall synthesis
Gram Positive
Ampicillin
Broad spectrum
Bacitracin
Gram Positive – Skin Ointment
Cephalosporin
Tetracycline
Inhibits Protein Synthesis
Streptomycin
Gram Neg. tuberculosis
Sulfa drug
Inhibits cell metabolism
Bacterial meningitis, UTI
Rifampin
Inhibits RNA synthesis
Gram Pos., some Neg.
Quinolines
Inhibits DNA Synthesis
UTI

49. Antibiotic use:
Through antibiotics, many bacteria can be killed. Therefore many of the diseases are treatable.
However, many antibiotics have been overused, causing bacterial diseases to become more difficult to treat. = Antibiotic resistance

50. Useful and Helpful Bacteria:
Examples:
Producing and Processing dairy foods like cheeses, yogurts, etc.
Breaking down dead organic material in decomposition.
Intestinal bacteria help produce necessary nutrients, break down food, and aid in immunity.

51. The End
of Archaebacteria
and Eubacteria
Notes!