1. Lecture 02: Work and Energy
Chapter 2
Lecture 02:
Work and Energy

2. Today’s Objectives: Reading Assignment: Homework Assignment:
Be able to distinguish between work and energy.
Be able to calculate Kinetic Energy
Be able to calculate Potential Energy
Be able to calculate Work done by an acting force
Be able to calculate Power
Be able to calculate Work done by gases undergoing changes of state.
Be able to explain the concept of Internal Enegy
Reading Assignment:
Read Chap 2. Sections 1-5
Homework Assignment:
From Chap 2: Problems 6, 20, 24, 32

3. Work, Heat, and Energy W = PE = KE = U
Sec 2.1: Reviewing Mechanical Concepts of Energy
Work, Heat, and Energy
Energy is conserved, but can be converted to different types
Ways to Transfer Energy Into or Out of A System
Work – transfers by applying a force and causing a displacement of the point of application of the force.
Mechanical Waves – allow a disturbance to propagate through a medium.
Heat – is driven by a temperature difference between two regions in space.
Matter Transfer – matter physically crosses the boundary of the system, carrying energy with it.
Electrical Transmission – transfer is by electric current.
Electromagnetic Radiation – energy is transferred by electromagnetic waves
W = PE = KE = U

4. Thermodynamics “Work”
Sec 2.2: Broadening Our Understanding of Work
Thermodynamics “Work”
Physics definition of work is W = F s
But, in thermodynamics often we are working with fluids (non-solids), so we need a broader definition.
“Work is done by a system on its surroundings if the sole effect on everything external to the system could have been done by raising (or dropping) a weight.”

5. Joule’s Experiment (1845-Salford, England)
Sec 2.2: Broadening Our Understanding of Work
Joule’s Experiment (1845-Salford, England)
Joule dropped a known mass and measured the change in temperature of the water. The experiment was conducted in the basement of his family’s brewery, where there was a constant ambient temperature. The friction of the water molecules rubbing together caused the temperature to increase.
Joule’s Equipment - Manchester

6. Sec 2.2.1: Sign Convention
Work Sign Convention
W > 0 : Work done BY the system W < 0 : Work done ON the system
Sign is not inherently important, but this is the convention.
W < 0 : Work done ON the system
(System is compressed)
W > 0 : Work done BY the system
(System expands)

7. Power = Rate of Energy Transfer
Sec : Power
Power = Rate of Energy Transfer
Book’s convention: Dot above symbol represents the rate.
The rate of work can be expressed as

8. Sec 2.2 : Work
Work Properties
Work is NOT a property of a system like V, T, or E. Work occurs when the system undergoes a process.
A differential of a property is exact.
The differential of work depends upon the path. V

9. But, work depends on the process.
Sec 2.2 : Work
But, work depends on the process.
For “Bobby” work depends on the path, since friction is a non- conservative force.

10. So, we need to have a PV relationship for the process.
Sec 2.2 : Work
So, we need to have a PV relationship for the process.
The process of changing volume is NOT necessarily in equilibrium.
- He balloon popping, gas does not instantly mix with air
- Gas cylinder rupture, pressure inside is higher then outside for some time, t
For this class, we will used an idealized process, that are completely reversible. We call this type of process
- quasi-equilbirium
- quasi-static

11. Non-quasi-static Process
Sec 2.2 : Work
Non-quasi-static Process V V V
Consider a box initially divided in half.
- Initially, one is filled with gas, the other a vacuum.
- The divider is then removed.
- The gas takes some time to fill the new volume. During that time, there are different local values for P in the volume. There is also likely some heat generated, as the process is irreversible.
Thermodynamics ≠ Kinetics

12. Sec 2.2 : Work
Quasi-static V V V V V V V V
Now we move the wall slowly, such that the gas is able to adjust instantly. This is a reversible quasi-static process.

13. Example (2.34): Air contained within a piston-cylinder assembly undergoes three processes in series. Evaluate W. Process 1-2: Compression at constant pressure from p1=10 psi, V1=4.0 ft3 to state 2 Process 2-3: Constant volume heating to state 3, where p3=50 psi Process 3-1: Expansion to the initial state, during which the p-V relationship is pV = constant. V 50 10 4

15. Energy Physics energy types
Sec 2.3: Broadening Our Understanding of Energy
Energy
Physics energy types
Kinetic Energy: Energy of objects in motion
Potential Energy: Energy of objects in a field (g,E,B)
Internal Energy
Spring
Chemical
Pressure
Pressure can be a form of energy if P> Patm
Thus, the general energy equation is P
Patm

16. Example Problem (2.37) A 10 V battery supplies a constant current of 0.5 amp to a resistance for 30 min. a) Determine the resistance, in ohms. b) For the battery, determine the amount of energy transfer to work, in kJ.
Solution:

17. Example Problem (2.31) Air contained within a piston-cylinder assembly is slowly heated. As shown in Fig P2.31, during the process the pressure first varies linearly with volume and then remains constant. Determine the total work in kJ.
150
100
P (kPa)
V (m3)
0.070
0.045
0.030 50 1 2 3
Solution:

18. End of Lecture 02
Slides that follow show solutions to Example problems.

19. Process 1-2: Isobaric Process
Example (2.34): Air contained within a piston-cylinder assembly undergoes three processes in series. Evaluate W. Process 1-2: Compression at constant pressure from P1=10 psi, V1=4.0 ft3 to state 2 4 10 50 1 2 3
Process 1-2: Isobaric Process

20. Process 2-3: Isovolumetric Process
Example (2.34): Air contained within a piston-cylinder assembly undergoes three processes in series. Evaluate W. Process 2-3: Constant volume heating to state 3, where P3=50 psi Process 3-1: Expansion to the initial state, during which the P-V relationship is PV = constant. 4 10 50 1 2 3
Process 2-3: Isovolumetric Process

21. Process 3-1: Isothermic Process
Example (2.34): Air contained within a piston-cylinder assembly undergoes three processes in series. Evaluate W. Process 2-3: Constant volume heating to state 3, where P3=50 psi Process 3-1: Expansion to the initial state, during which the P-V relationship is PV = constant. 4 10 50 1 2 3
Process 3-1: Isothermic Process

22. Solution: Electrical Work Principle
Example Problem (2.37) A 10 V battery supplies a constant current of 0.5 amp to a resistance for 30 min. a) Determine the resistance, in ohms. b) For the battery., determine the amount of energy transfer to work, in kJ.
Solution: Electrical Work Principle
therefore: V = 10 V I = 0.5 A Δt=30 min
then

23. Example Problem (2.31) Air contained within a piston-cylinder assembly is slowly heated. As shown in the figure, during the process the pressure first varies linearly with volume and then remains constant. Determine the total work in kJ.
150
100
P (kPa)
V (m3)
0.070
0.045
0.030 50 1 2 3
Solution:
Conceptually, this represents the area of the P-V plot underneath the process lines.