1. ME 200 L36 Ground Transportation (Continued) (Air Standard Otto Cycle) 9.1 and 9.2 Kim See’s Office ME Gatewood Wing Room Examination and Quiz grades are available Blackboard Examinations and Quizzes can be picked up all of this week from Gatewood Room 2172 Material not picked up this week may be recycled! ThermoMentor© Program Spring 2014 MWF AM J. P. Gore Gatewood Wing 3166, Office Hours: MWF TAs: Robert Kapaku Dong Han

2. Introducing Engine Terminology
Displacement volume: volume swept by piston when it moves from top dead center to bottom dead center
Top dead center
Stroke
Bottom dead center
Compression ratio, r : volume at bottom dead center divided by volume at top dead center

3. Air-Standard Otto Cycle
The Otto cycle consists of four internally reversible processes in series:
Process 1-2: isentropic compression.
Process 2-3: constant-volume heat addition to the air from an external source.
Process 3-4: isentropic expansion.
Process 4-1: constant-volume heat transfer from the air.
The Otto cycle compression ratio is:

4. Air-Standard Otto Cycle: r is important!
(1) Define Compression Ratio
(2) Ideal Gas Law and eq. (1)
(3) Isentropic compression
(4) Combine (2) & (3)
Compression Ratio is
Very IMPORTANT!

5. Thermal Efficiency of Air-Standard Otto Cycle
Ignoring kinetic and potential energy effects, closed system energy balances for the four processes of the Otto cycle reduce to give
The thermal efficiency is the ratio of the net work to the heat added and for air standard cycle with constant specific heats, it reduces to solely a function of compression ratio::
Compression Ratio is
Very IMPORTANT!

6. Consider an Otto cycle with a compression ratio of 8
Consider an Otto cycle with a compression ratio of 8.5 with constant specific heats, specific heats as a function of temperature, and compression and expansion with pv1.2 = constant instead of the isentropic process. Find: (i) heat added, (ii) heat rejected, (iii) work done in the compression and expansion strokes, (iv) thermal efficiency, and (v) break mean effective pressure.
Data: T1 = 300 K, T3 = 1020 K; k=1.4, cp=1.005 kJ/kg-K, cv = kJ/kg-K

7. Consider an Otto cycle with a compression ratio of 8
Consider an Otto cycle with a compression ratio of 8.5 with constant specific heats, specific heats as a function of temperature, and compression and expansion with pv1.2 = constant instead of the isentropic process. Find: (i) heat added, (ii) heat rejected, (iii) work done in the compression and expansion strokes, (iv) thermal efficiency, and (v) break mean effective pressure.
Data: T1 = 300 K, T3 = 1020 K; k=1.4, cp=1.005 kJ/kg-K, cv = kJ/kg-K

8. Now consider an Otto cycle with a compression ratio of 8
Now consider an Otto cycle with a compression ratio of 8.5 with (a) constant specific heats, (b) specific heats as a function of temperature, and (c) compression and expansion with pv1.2 = constant instead of the isentropic process. Find: (i) heat added (kJ/kg), (ii) heat rejected (kJ/kg), (iii) work done in the compression (kJ/kg) and expansion strokes (kJ/kg), (iv) thermal efficiency, and (v) break mean effective pressure.
Data: T1 = 300 K, T3 = 1020 K; k=1.4, cp=1.005 kJ/kg-K, cv = kJ/kg-K

9. Now consider an Otto cycle with a compression ratio of 8
Now consider an Otto cycle with a compression ratio of 8.5 with (a) constant specific heats, (b) specific heats as a function of temperature, and (c) compression and expansion with pv1.2 = constant instead of the isentropic process. Find: (i) heat added (kJ/kg), (ii) heat rejected (kJ/kg), (iii) work done in the compression (kJ/kg) and expansion strokes (kJ/kg), (iv) thermal efficiency, and (v) break mean effective pressure.
Data: T1 = 300 K, T3 = 1020 K; k=1.4, cp=1.005 kJ/kg-K, cv = kJ/kg-K

10. T-s Diagram for Air Standard Otto Cycle
Since the air-standard Otto cycle is composed of internally reversible processes, areas on the T-s and p-v diagrams can be interpreted as heat and work, respectively:
On the T-s diagram, heat transfer per unit of mass is ∫Tds. Thus,
Area 2-3-a-b-2 represents heat added per unit of mass.
Area 1-4-a-b-1 is the heat rejected per unit of mass.
The enclosed area is the net heat added, which equals the net work output.

11. P-v Diagram for Air-Standard Otto Cycle
On the p-v diagram, work per unit of mass is ∫pdv. Thus,
Area 1-2-a-b-1 represents work input per unit of mass during the compression process.
Area 3-4-b-a-3 is the work done per unit of mass in the expansion process.
The enclosed area is the net work output, which equals the net heat added.

12. Effect of Compression Ratio Air-Standard Otto Cycle
The compression ratio, r = V2/V1, is an important operating parameter for reciprocating internal combustion engines as brought out by the following discussion centering on the T-s diagram:
An increase in the compression ratio changes the cycle from to ′-3′-4-1.
Since the average temperature of heat addition is greater in cycle 1-2′-3′-4-1, and both cycles have the same heat rejection process, cycle 1-2′-3′-4-1 has the greater thermal efficiency.
Accordingly, the Otto cycle thermal efficiency increases as the compression ratio increases.

13. Now consider an Otto cycle with a compression ratio of 12
Now consider an Otto cycle with a compression ratio of 12.5 with (a) constant specific heats, (b) specific heats as a function of temperature, and (c) compression and expansion with pv1.2 = constant instead of the isentropic process. Find: (i) heat added (kJ/kg), (ii) heat rejected (kJ/kg), (iii) work done in the compression (kJ/kg) and expansion strokes (kJ/kg), (iv) thermal efficiency, and (v) break mean effective pressure.
Data: T1 = 300 K, T3 = 1020 K; k=1.4, cp=1.005 kJ/kg-K, cv = kJ/kg-K
Efficiency increases
Significantly as compression
Ratio is increased.

14. Back to lower compression ratio and efficiency to study entropy production
Consider an Otto cycle with a compression ratio of 8.5 with constant specific heats, specific heats as a function of temperature, and compression and expansion with pv1.2 = constant instead of the isentropic processes. Considering internal irreversibilities only, find: (I) Entropy change and (II) Entropy generation during each of the processes: 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, and 4-1.
Data: T1 = 300 K, T3 = 1020 K; k=1.4, cp=1.005 kJ/kg-K, cv = kJ/kg-K
For the cycle, entropy change is zero and so is entropy production
because the Internal irreversibilities are assumed to be zero!

15. Consider an Otto cycle with a compression ratio of 8
Consider an Otto cycle with a compression ratio of 8.5 with constant specific heats, specific heats as a function of temperature, and compression and expansion with pv1.2 = constant instead of the isentropic processes. Considering internal and external irreversibilities, find: (I) Entropy change and (II) Entropy generation during each of the processes: 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, and 4-1.
Data: T1 = 300 K, T3 = 1020 K; k=1.4, cp=1.005 kJ/kg-K, cv = kJ/kg-K,
TLT= 270 K,THT= 1400 K
For the “air,” entropy change is zero and so is internal entropy production
However, for the universe (and as a result of the cycle), entropy change is
positive as a result of the entropy production at the boundaries of the cycle!