1. DEFINITION OF TRANSLATION

2. What is Translation?
a process by which a spoken or written utterance takes place in one language which is intended or presumed to convey the same meaning as a previously existing utterance in another language (Rabin 1958)
Foregrounds the relationship between source and target utterance and the SAMENESS OF MEANING; introduces human agents and their expectations;
b) Translation as process of transfer of ideas in the medium ‘language’

3. the transfer of thoughts and ideas from one language (source) to another (target), whether the languages are in written or oral form or whether one or both languages are based on signs (Brislin 1976)

4. What is Translation?
c) the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). (Catford, 1965)

5. d) rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. (Newmark, 1988: 5)

6. What is Translation?
e) Translation is studying the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context of the source language text, analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, and then reconstructing this same meaning using lexicon and grammatical structure which are appropriate in the receptor language and its cultural context. (Larson, 1984: 3)

7. The basic conceptual items contained in the various definitions of translation are:
an activity consisting (mainly) in
the production of texts which are
presumed to have a similar meaning and/or effect
as previously existing texts
in another language and culture
(Pöchhacker, Franz. Introducing Interpreting Studies, 2004: 12)
Activity could be service; professional service to enable communication with clients or users
Production takes place in a specific social, political and cultural context;
Similarity in meaning is a norm? a convention? A presupposition?

8. Key concepts in translation
Interpreting:ORAL TRANSLATION OF A SPOKEN MESSAGE OR TEXT/UTTERANCE.
HOWEVER, confusion in every day language, just look at the papers in various languages. Guardian; Cetempublico, etc.

9. PROCESS OF TRANSLATING PROCESS OF TRANSLATING
ORIGINAL TEXT
(source language)
ANALYZING
DRAFTING
TRANSLATION TEXT
(target language)
REVISING
FINALIZING

10. What are the main targets of analyzing?
As one of the most significant stages of the process of translation, analyzing has some targets...

11. MAIN PURPOSES OF ANALYZING
Understanding
what it is about
(by reading)
Learning
the readership
(age, education, gender)
(intended population)
Learning
the stylistic scale
(degree of language)

12. In the stylistic scale, the translator is to determine the style of the language (the degree of the formality) he will be using in the translation product itself.
Let’s see the examples…

13. Now, let’s see the examples given for each of these scales…
Stylistic Scale
(Degree of Formality)
Official
Formal
Neutral
Informal
Colloquialism
Slang
Taboo
(Newmark, 1988)
Now, let’s see the examples given for each of these scales…

14. Official The consumption of any nutriment is categorically prohibited in this establishment. & Formal You are requested not to consume food in this establishment.

15. Eating is not allowed here.
Neutral
Eating is not allowed here.
&
Informal
Please don’t eat here.

16. You can’t feed your face here.
Colloquialism
You can’t feed your face here.
&
Slang
Lay off the nosh.

17. Lay off the fucking nosh.
Taboo
Lay off the fucking nosh. 

18. Linguistic Aspects of Translation
Czech structuralist Roman Jakobson: On Linguistic Aspects of Translation 1959 (Venuti, 2000: 114, The translation studies reader, Routledge); interlingual: translation proper original written text in SL into written text in a different verbal language; intralingual: same language: rewording; intersemiotic: transmutation: “different signs: an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of non-verbal sign systems” written text into music film or painting or sculpture.
Roman Jakobson, “On Linguistic Aspects of Translation”, 1959

19. "In his seminal paper, 'On Linguistic Aspects of Translation' (Jacobson 1959/2000. see Section B, Text B1.1), Roman Jakobson makes a very important distinction between three types of written translation:
intralingual translation - translation within the same language, which can involve rewording, paraphrasing,summarizing, expanding orcommenting with a language.
These were some general clarifications about the general translation; now we are going to lay some emphasis on the technical translation in the following slides.

20. Examples:

21. interlingual translation - translation from one language to another,

22. intersemiotic translation - translation of the verbal sign  by a non-verbal sign, for example music or image.

23. What is technical translation?

24. Translation as a whole is a balance of art and science influenced by both theory and practice. 
Having knowledge of both the linguistic features as well as the aesthetic features of translation applies directly to the field of technical translator.

25. Technical translation
Technical translation is a type of specialized translation involving the translation of documents produced by technical writers (owner's manuals, user guides, etc.), or more specifically, texts which relate to technological subject areas or texts which deal with the practical application of scientific and technological information.

26. While the presence of specialized terminology is a feature of technical texts, specialized terminology alone is not sufficient for classifying a text as "technical" since numerous disciplines and subjects which are not "technical" possess what can be regarded as specialized terminology.

27. Technical translation covers the translation of many kinds of specialized texts and requires a high level of subject knowledge and mastery of the relevant terminology and writing conventions.

28. In his book Technical Translation Jody Byrne notes that;
technical translation is closely related to technical communication and that it can benefit from research in this and other areas such as usability and cognitive psychology.

29. Though technical translation is only one subset of the different types of professional translation, it is the largest subset as far as output is concerned. Currently, more than 90% of all professionally translated work is done by technical translators, highlighting the importance and significance of the field.

30. In addition to making texts with technical jargon accessible for a wider ranging audience, technical translation also involves linguistic features of translating technological texts from one language to another.

31. As a field, technical translation has been recognized, studied, and developed since the 1960s. Stemming from the field of translation studies, the field of technical translation emphasized much importance on the source language from which text is translated.
However, over the years there has been a movement away from this traditional approach to a focus on the purpose of the translation and on the intended audience.

32. Technical Translator
The role of the technical translator is not only being a transmitter of information, but also to be a constructor of procedural discourse and knowledge through meaning, as the technical translator may also take on the role of the technical writer. 

33. Research has demonstrated that technical communicators do, in fact, create new meaning as opposed to simply repackaging (198) old information. This emphasizes the important role that technical translators play in making meaning, whether they are doing technical translation in one language or in multiple languages.

34. Much like professionals in the field of technical communication, the technical translator must have a cross-curricular and multifaceted background. In addition to grasping theoretical and linguistic orientations for the actual translation process, an understanding of other subjects, such as cognitive psychology, usability engineering, and technical communication, is necessary for a successful technical translator.

35. Additionally, most technical translators work within a specialized field such as medical or legal technical translation, which highlights the importance of an interdisciplinary background. 

36. Technical translation requires a solid knowledge base of technological skills, particularly if the translator chooses to utilize computer-assisted translation (CAT) or machine translation (MT).
Documents dealing with mechanics or engineering that contain frequently translated phrases and concepts are often translated using CAT or MT.
Though some technical translators complete all translation without the use of CAT or MT, this is often with pieces that require more creativity in the document.

37. References
Byrne, Jody. Technical Translation. The Netherlands: Springer, 2006.
Williams, J; A. Chesterman (2002). The Map: A Beginner's Guide to Doing Research in Translation Studies. Manchester: Saint Jerome Publishing. pp. 12–13.
Larson, Mildred L., ed., Translation: Theory and Practice, Tension and Interdependence. (Binghamton: American Translators Association Scholarly Monographs, 1991).