1. The Former Yugoslavia Must copy what is in blue! Location of
Franz-Ferdinand’s assassination

3. Yugoslavia means “Land of the Southern Slavs”
Late 1980’s: the USSR had major internal problems & gave E. Europe more freedom.
1990: E. Europe ended Communist control in each country.

4. Each ethnic group wanted their own country & government.
Yugoslavia had the largest multi-ethnic population & conflict erupted quickly.
Each ethnic group wanted their own country & government.
Ethnic group distribution
in Communist Yugoslavia

5. Balkanization:
Definition: the process of breaking up a region along ethnic lines into small, mutually hostile political units. It often involves violence.
The current countries we will address in these notes were once all a part of communist Yugoslavia.

6. After WWII, the USSR placed several ethnic groups in this country & made Josip Tito the dictator.
Tito was able to hold them unified under his rule, and kept it independent from the USSR.
But, after his death in 1980 the country went through balkanization.

7. SLOVENIA Most western – physically & ideologically. Roman Catholic
10 day battle for independence
Democracy
E.U. & NATO member

8. MACEDONIA Macedonians, & Albanians
At independence, was the least developed of the new Republics
Eastern Orthodox & Muslim
Democracy
UN sanctions & Greek embargo hindered growth until 1996.
Lack of Albanian rights almost caused a war in 2001.

9. CROATIA Roman Catholic Minority Serb (ethnic group)
War with Serbs 1991 – 1995
Presidential/Parliamentary Democracy
Many view past leaders as too authoritative.

10. BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA 3 groups fighting for control:
Bosnians, 40% (Muslim)
Serbs, 33% (Eastern Orthodox)
Croats, 27% (Catholic)
Civil War 1992 – 1995
NATO/E.U. forces patrol
The UN sent peace-keeping forces to slow/ stop the war.
NO Ethnic Majority

11. Bosnia-Herzegovina cont.
An arms embargo was declared by the UN.
Embargo worked on Croats & Muslims, but Serbs still supplied by Yugoslavia.
Once embargo was lifted, Serbs lost advantage and a peace, Dayton Peace Accord, was negotiated.
Now a democracy
Ethnic tensions remain
Historic bridge in Mostar re-opened

12. ETHNIC CLEANSING
The policy of trying to eliminate an ethnic group through violence.
Methods used by advancing armies include murder, rape, and arson.
Graves marked
with plastic bottles
250,000+ murdered
Tens of thousands of women were raped, some of them more than a hundred times.
Other civilians were beaten & tortured in concentration camps.
Millions lost their homes due to "ethnic cleansing."

13. Serbia & Montenegro (Yugoslavia)
Strong Serb nationalism since 1980.
After Tito died, only Serbs will rule
Want “Greater Serbia”
Supported Serbs in Bosnia & Kosovo
Tito

14. Serbia & Montenegro (Yugoslavia)
Serbs practiced ethnic cleansing against Albanians in Kosovo until 1999.
Former President Milosevic was put on trial for war crimes before the UN’s’ Court of Justice
The “Butcher of the Balkans”

15. Serbia & Montenegro (Yugoslavia) cont.
President Kostunica elected 9/2000. (now a Serbian prime minister)
2/2003 changed name to Serbia & Montenegro
3/2003 elected Marovic (a Montenegran) as Serbia & Montenegro’s President
All sanctions lifted, but infrastructure still bad from bombing
Serbia & Montenegro had individual presidential positions
Kostunica
Marovic

16. Slobodan Milosevic
Milosevic faced 66 charges relating to war crimes carried out in Bosnia, Croatia & Kosovo from 1991 – 1999.
Acted as his own lawyer.
His trial started in February 2002, but he died on March 11, 2006.
The revolution to oust Milosevic

17. Milosevic’s Death
There were many conspiracies that Milosevic was murdered (poisoned).
An autopsy proved he died of a heart attack.
Many of his victims were left disappointed. They felt Milosevic escaped justice.
He was buried in Serbia; his family did not attend as they were wanted on charges in Serbia.

18. Milosevic divides Belgrade in death as in life!
Opponents Celebrate
Mourners

19. Serbia & Montenegro Split
May 21, 2006: Montenegro voted to split from Serbia by a slim majority.
Serbia & Montenegro had a loose alliance where they only shared defense & foreign affairs.
Marovic, Serbia-Montenegro’s President resigned.
This move has sent both states scrambling to decide how to divide armed forces, diplomatic missions, common assets & responsibilities.
Montenegro’s
Prime Minister

20. KOSOVO
Province of Serbia (was a part of the historic Serbian heartland)
Albanian majority, 90%
Serbs used ethnic cleansing in 1998 – created a refugee problem
NATO bombed Serbia in 1999
Now patrolled by NATO/E.U. forces.

21. Refugees of Kosovo NATO bombs Serbia’s capital over Kosovo
Member of the KLA- Kosovo’s forces
Refugees of Kosovo

22. The Aftermath