1. Chapter 1 Discovery Aviation
Ground School
Chapter 1 Discovery Aviation
POC: CDT Regina Parker,

2. History of Aviation
1783
First manned flight in history made by Pilatre de Rozier and Marquis d’Arlandes in a hot-air balloon in Chateau La Muette near Paris
1881
German Lilienthal brothers build glider air vehicles
1903
Orville and Wilbur Wright achieve the first powered, sustained, and controlled airplane flight near Kitty Hawk in North Carolina. Four flights were made, lasting between 12 and 59 seconds.
1927
First solo nonstop transatlantic flight by Charles Lindbergh. Total time from New York to Paris was 33 hours, 30 minutes, 29.8 seconds
1932
First solo nonstop transatlantic flight by a woman, Amelia Earhart. Total time from Newfoundland to Northern Ireland was 14 hours, 52 minutes.
1942
First turbojet aircraft flight by Robert Stanley in California
1947
First manned flight beyond the speed of sound by Charles Yeager in California. Speed of 700 mph.
1969
Astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin land the Lunar Module Eagle on the moon and become the first humans to step on another celestial body.
1986
First nonstop-without-refueling flight around the world in the aircraft Voyager piloted by Jeana Yeager and Dick Rutan

4. Road to Private Pilot License
Ground School
Written Exam (>70%)
Flight Training (>40 Hours)
1st Solo Flight
Cross Country Flight
Practical Exam
Medical Certificate (>Class III)
Good for 36 months if under 40 yrs
Written exam scores valid for 24 months
At least 17 years old
Pass a practical test comprised of oral quizzing, performance pilot operations, and executing maneuvers in the plane (Private Pilot Practical Test Standards (PTS))
At least 40 hours of flight time--20 hrs dual instruction and 10 hrs solo flight (typically hours)

5. Maintenance of License
Biennial Flight Review (BFR)
one hour ground instruction, one hour flight instruction
Perform at least three takeoffs and landings in an aircraft of the same category and class within the preceding 90 days
Current medical exam
Class III medical good for 36 months is under 40 yrs old

6. Pilot Ratings Category – Class – Type - Instrument
Multi-engine Rating (class)
Seaplane Rating, single-engine or multi-engine (class)
Rotorcraft (helicopter) Rating (cat)
Glider Rating (cat)
Lighter-than-air Balloon Rating (cat)
Airplane Rating (cat)
Instrument Rating
allows you to fly under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR), which are less restrictive than Visual Flight Rules (VFR)
Type – needed for each turbojet or heavier than 12,500 lbs

7. Pilot Certificates Recreational Pilot Certificate
only small single-engine aircraft, can only operate within a 50 nautical mile radius of local airport, cannot carry more than one passenger, cannot operate at night
Private Pilot Certificate
Flights worldwide, carrying passengers, non-proifit
Commercial Pilot Certificate
ability to act as pilot in command of an aircraft carrying persons or property for hire
Airline Transport Pilot (ATP)
ability to operate as an airline captain. >23 years old total hours of flight time.
Certified Flight Instructor (CFI)

8. Categories (with respect to the certification of airmen) & Classes of Aircraft
Airplane
Single-Engine Land
Cessna 172
Multi-Engine Land
Boeing 747
Single-Engine Sea
Multi-Engine Sea
Rotorcraft
Gyroplane
Helicopter
Lighter-than-air
Airship
Balloon
Glider

9. Categories (with respect to the certification of aircraft) of aircraft
Categories (with respect to the certification of aircraft) of aircraft *based on intended use or operating limitations
Normal
Non-acrobatic operation (normal flight; stalls; lazy eights, chandelles, steep turns in which the angle of bank is not more than 60 degrees)
Utility
Limited acrobatic operation (spins; lazy eights, chandelles, steep turns in which the angle of bank is more than 60 degrees)
Transport
Acrobatic
Restricted
special-purpose aircraft such as agricultural spray planes or slurry bombers used to fight forest fires
Limited
military aircraft which are now allowed to be used only for limited purposes in civil aviation
Experimental
wide range of aircraft such as homebuilt and racing planes and aircraft undergoing testing
Based on intended use

10. Aircraft requiring special logbook endorsement and certification
High performance airplane
has an engine with more than 200 horsepower
Complex airplane
has retractable landing gear, flaps, and a controllable-pitch propeller
Tailwheel airplane
Homebuilt aircraft

11. Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM)
‘High Five’
Pilot-in-Command Responsibility (PIC)
Communication
Workload Management
Resource Use
Situational Awareness
ADM is a systematic approach to the mental process used
by pilots to consistently determine the best course of action
in response to a given set of circumstances. It is what a pilot
intends to do based on the latest information he or she has.
Been used for 25 years

12. Pilot-In-Command Responsibility
Self-Assessment
General health, level of stress or fatigue, attitude, knowledge, skill level, and recency of experience
Note hazardous attitudes
Anti-authority, Impulsivity, Invulnerability, Macho, Resignation
Inter-personal relationships
Can command an aircraft carrying passengers and share operating expenses, such as the cost of fuel. May not carry passengers or property for compensation or hire

13. Communication Effective Listening Barriers to Communication
Verbal and Nonverbal Communication

14. Workload Management Planning and Preparation Prioritizing
Work Overload

15. Resource Use Internal Resources External Resources
Within the plane, such as the pilot’s operating handbook (POH), checklists, aircraft equipment, aeronautical charts, your instructor, another pilot, passengers
External Resources
Outside the plane, such as the air traffic controllers (ATC), maintenance technicians, flight service personnel

16. Situational Awareness
Operational Conditions
Status of aircraft system and your own ability to function properly
Environmental Conditions
Plane’s relationship to terrain, traffic, and weather conditions
Obstacles to maintaining situational awareness
Stress, fatigue, distractions, emergencies

17. Aviation Physiology Pressure Effects Motion Sickness Stress Fatigue
Noise
Alcohol

18. Pressure Effects Ear and Sinus Block Toothache Gastointestinal Pain
Alleviation
Open Eustachian tube by yawning, swallowing, or chewing
Valsalva maneuver- hold nose and mouth shut and forcibly exhale (
Slow rates of ascent and descent
Toothache
Gastointestinal Pain
Scuba Diving
Decompression Sickness, aka ‘the bends’ – nitrogen absorbed during a scuba dive comes out of solution and forms bubbles in the tissues and bloodstream
Before ascending to 8000 feet MSL, wait at least 12 hours after a dive which has not required controlled ascent (nondecompression stop diving), and at least 24 hours after a dive which has required a controlled ascent (decompression stop diving).
Before ascending above 8000 feet MSL, wait at least 24 hours after any scuba dive

19. Motion Sickness

20. Stress
Chemical Hormones Blood sugar, heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, and perspiration increase

21. Fatigue
Degradation of attention and concentration, impaired coordination, and decreased ability to communicate

22. Alcohol
Depressant
reduces metabolism and bodily functioning, slowing motor responses
Blood Alcohol level less than .04 percent, and 8 hours pass, before piloting an aircraft