1. The Counter-Reformation aka the Catholic Reformation

2. The Complutensian Polyglot Bible

3. Gasparo Cardinal Contarini, a Catholic reformer

4. Reginald Cardinal Pole, another reform-minded Catholic leader

5. Juan de Valdes (+1541), Spanish humanist

6. Vittoria Colonna ( ), friend of humanists and love interest of Michelangelo (the sketch of her to the left is by Michelangelo)

7. Giulia Gonzaga (1512-1566), Italian noblewoman and friend of Juan de Valdes

8. Peter Martyr Vermigli, Italian reformer

9. Charles V, the Holy Roman emperor (Titian portrait)

10. The Landgrave Philipp of Hesse (1504-1567) – a strong supporter of the Reformation … and a bigamist

11. Philipp of Hesse and Christine of Saxony

12. Margarethe von der Saale, Philipp of Hesse’s second wife

13. Maurice of Saxony, Protestant duke and leader, 1521-1553

14. Pope Paul III ( )

15. The Council of Trent (1545-1563)

16. The Inquisition

17. Tomas de Torquemada, inquisitor

18. Philip II, King of Spain (r.1554-1598)

19. Index of Prohibited Books

20. Ignatius Loyola, founder of the Society of Jesus (S.J.)

21. Loyola’s Spiritual Exercises

22. St. Teresa of Avila, founder of the Discalced Carmelites

23. The Ecstasy of St.Theresa, by Gianlorenzo Bernini (ca 1650)

24. St. John of the Cross, another Spanish mystic

25. A Golden Age in Spain for the arts coexists with this outpouring of religious fervor; sometimes the two overlap (see El Greco’s paintings, e.g.)

26. El Greco’s The Burial of Count Orgel (1586-1588)

27. El Greco’s View of Toledo (1596-1600)