1. Respiratory Diseases

2. Purpose of the respiratory system?
To exchange oxygen from the environment with carbon dioxide from tissue

3. Respiratory tract can be divided into an upper region and a lower region

4. Respiratory Tract ©http://www.rsdrx.com/images/UpperRespSketchLRes.gif

5. The entrance of the larynx is covered with a flap of tissue called the epiglottis
Epiglottis prevents food from entering the airways

8. Upper respiratory tract infections are the most common acute illness seen in outpatient care
Upper respiratory infections tend to be less severe than lower

9. Most of the upper respiratory tract has a “safeguard” against bacteria, viruses, and other particles
Nasal cavity is lined with pads of soft tissue that “cleans” the air that you are inhaling
There is mucus on the surface of this tissue

10. Nasal Cavity

11. Mucous Cells of the Nasal Cavity

12. Tonsils and Adenoids Both are part of the immune system
Tonsils: lymph nodes without a cap located at the back of the mouth
Filled with lymphocytes (white blood cells)
Adenoids: mass of lymphoid tissue located at the back of the nasal airway
Trap infection agents and produce antibodies

13. Tonsils and Adenoids ©http://www.med.umich.edu/1libr/aha/tons.gif

14. If tonsils become infected and do not heal, they are removed

15. Tonsillitis ©http://www.ozzy.f2s.com/tonsils2.jpg

16. If adenoids become infected, they may be removed or they may cause another infection….where?
Ear infection
The Eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the pharynx

17. Anatomy of the Ear ©http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustachian_tube

18. The Eustachian tube equalizes pressure between the middle ear and the outside world
Multiple infections may lead to ear tube surgery (not uncommon in children)
Ear drum is punctured, a tube is inserted to assist with drainage and decrease infection

20. Sinusitis: inflammation or infection of the sinuses
Sinuses: hollow air spaces within the bones around the nose
Creates mucus that drains into the nose

21. If the nose is swollen, it cause an infection or pain
Causes include: allergens, bacteria, pollutants

22. Sinusitis ©http://content. revolutionhealth

23. Lower respiratory infections/diseases tend to be more dangerous
Lung diseases are often described by lobe
With lung cancer, entire lobe needs to be removed

24. The Lungs ©http://www.cancerline.com/gUserFiles/lungs_detail.jpg

25. Common Symptoms of Respiratory Illness
Coughing
Coughing is beneficial
What happens when you cough?
Exaggerated inhalation

26. Force “stuff” out of your lungs Why is this beneficial?
Build up pressure
Force “stuff” out of your lungs
At extremely high speeds
Why is this beneficial?
It forces irritants out of the lungs

27. Most cough suppressants are more harmful than helpful in that they interrupt this process
Should really only be taken if you have a dry cough or you cannot sleep

28. Read the ingredients in your cough syrup
Codeine (prescription)—blocks the cough reflex in your brain
Makes you tired
Suppresses cough
Suppressant (OTC)—contains ethyl alcohol
Makes you sleepy

29. Expectorants: targets the mucus making it watery and thin
Easier to cough up

30. Runny/stuffy nose
Dyspnea: breathlessness
Pain (found in both upper and lower respiratory infections/diseases)
Blood (in sputum or phlegm)
Sneezing

31. Causes of Respiratory Inflammation
Bacteria
Examples:
Acute bronchitis—chest cold
Inner ear infection
Sore throat (approximately 30%)
Tuberculosis
Pneumonia

32. Streptococcus ©http://media-2. web. britannica

33. ©http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/19694©

34. ©

35. Pneumonia Bacteria ©http://respiratory-research

36. Viruses Examples: Sore throat (70%) “Head colds” all of them
Two families of viruses responsible:
Adenovirus
Rhinovirus

37. Allergen
If a head cold last longer than a week, it is probably an allergy
See an allergist and have a test done

38. Particulates/Chemicals
Mainly environmental factors
Can cause irritation → inflammation

39. Ex. Parasitic pneumonia
Parasites
Ex. Parasitic pneumonia
Rare