1. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

2. Structures of the respiratory system
Upper Respiratory System
Nose
Sinuses
Pharynx
Epiglottis
Larynx
Lower Respiratory System
Trachea
Lungs
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

3. Structures of the Upper Respiratory System
Nose
Nasal cavity – space behind the nose
Vestibular region
Olfactory region
Respiratory region
Nasal septum – cartilage that divides the nose into right and left sides
Turbinates – scroll-like bones in the respiratory region
Cilia – nose hairs
Why do we have nose hair?
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

4. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Nose
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

5. Structures of the Upper Respiratory System
Sinuses - Cavities in the skull.
Ducts connect sinuses to the nasal cavity
Lined with mucous membrane to warm and moisten the air
Provide resonance to the voice
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

6. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Sinus
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

7. Structures of the Upper Respiratory System
Pharynx
Throat
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
About 5” long
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

8. Structures of the Upper Respiratory System
Epiglottis
A flap or lid that closes over the opening to the larynx when food is swallowed
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

9. Structures of the Upper Respiratory System
Larynx
Voice Box
Triangular chamber below pharynx
Within the larynx are vocal cords, the glottis
Also called the Adam’s Apple
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

10. Structures of the Lower Respiratory System
Can you
identify
the trachea?
Trachea
Windpipe
Approximately 4 ½” long
The walls are composed of alternate bands of membrane and C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage.
Lined with ciliated mucous membrane
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

11. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Trachea
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

12. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Tumors in Windpipe
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

13. Structures of the Lower Respiratory System
At the lower end of trachea, the bronchus divide into right and left branches.
As they enter the lungs, the bronchus subdivide into bronchial tubes and into bronchioles.
At the end of the bronchioles are alveolar ducts and clusters of alveoli.
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

14. Structures of the Lower Respiratory System
Bronchi
Ciliated mucous membrane and hyaline cartilage
Bronchial tubes
Cartilaginous plates
Bronchioles
Thinner walls of smooth muscle
Lined with ciliated epithelium
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

15. Structures of the Lower Respiratory System
Alveoli
Composed of a single layer of epithelial tissue
Contain surfactant …fatty substance that keeps the alveoli from collapsing
Each alveolus is surrounded by capillaries
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

16. Structures of the Lower Respiratory System
The lungs are located in the thoracic cavity
Apex
Base
Fit snugly over diaphragm.
Lung tissue is porous and spongy.
Right lung
Larger and shorter than the left lung
Displaced by the liver
3 lobes
Left lung
Smaller than the right side
Displaced by the heart
2 lobes
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

17. Structures of the Lower Respiratory System
Pleura
Thin, moist slippery membrane that covers lungs…serous membrane
Double-walled sac
Space is pleural cavity – filled with pleural fluid
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

18. Structures of the Lower Respiratory System
Mediastinum
A septum or cavity between two principal portions of an organ.
Contains the heart and its large vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus, lymph nodes, and connective tissue
Also called the interpleural space
Located between the lungs
Contains the thoracic viscera
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

19. Structures of the Lower Respiratory System
Diaphragm from the muscular system!
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

20. 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system
Breathing
External respiration-is the exchange of O2 (loading) and CO2 (unloading) between blood and alveoli (air sacs).
Internal respiration -is gas exchange between blood and tissue cells.
Exhalation
Inhalation
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

21. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Inspiration
Inhalation/Inspiration
The part of respiration that involves air being taken into the lungs. The intercostal muscle lifts ribs outward, sternum rises and the diaphragm contracts and moves downward - this increases the volume of the lungs and air rushes in.
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

22. Exhalation/Expiration
Opposite action takes place
Exhalation is a passive process
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

23. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Breathing
Air enters the nostils. It is moistened by mucus, warmed up to body temperature and dust is filtered out of the air, by hairs and trapped by mucus. It passes to the nasopharynx, to the oral pharynx. Next, it passes the glottis, to the trachea, or windpipe. Rings of cartilage support this breathing tube which leads to the right and left bronchi. These branch into each lung and further branch into smaller and smaller tubes. These are known as bronchioles. At the end of each bronchiole, is a cluster of air sacs or alveoli. Gas exchange occurs in the thin-walled alveoli which provide a huge surface area for the diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into capillaries, so oxygen can be transported by the bloodstream to all the body's cells. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the capillaries surrounding the alveoli, into the alveoli, so it can be excreted when exhalation occurs.
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

24. How many times does a normal adult breath per minute?
Breathing
1 inspiration + 1 expiration = 1 respiration
How many times does a normal adult breath per minute?
Normal # of breaths an adult takes each minute-14-20
Increases with exercise, body temperature, certain diseases.
Changes with age – newborn = 40-60/min
Sleep = respirations ↓
Emotion can ↑ or ↓ respiratory rate

25. Respiratory Movements
Compare respiratory movements.
Coughing
Hiccups
Sneezing
Yawning
Why do they occur?
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

26. 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system
Control of breathing
Neural Factors
Respiratory center located in MEDULLA OBLONGATA-neural signals from brain to phrenic nerve that controls diaphragm
Rate at which signals are discharged influenced by O2 and CO2
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

27. 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system
Control of breathing
Chemical Factors
CO2 and O2 levels in the blood are sensed by the brain (respiratory center in brain)
Chemoreceptor in aorta and carotid arteries sensitive to the amount of blood O2
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

28. 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system
Types of breathing
Apnea
Dyspnea
Eupnea
Hyperpnea
Orthopnea
Tachypnea
Hyperventilation
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

29. Lung capacity and volume
Tidal volume: normal volume of air
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)max volume of air that can be inhaled after normal inspiration
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)additional amt of air that can be expired from lungs by determined effort
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

30. Lung capacity and volume
Vital lung capacity: max amount of air a person can expel from lungs after maximum inhalation
Residual volume: amount of air that remains in a person’s lungs after fully exhaling
Functional residual capacity: volume of air present in lungs at end of passive exhalation
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

31. Lung capacity and volume
Total lung capacity
Tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve
Expiratory reserve
Residual air
Sample
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

32. Respiratory disorders
COMMON COLD
What is it? What causes it?
Hand-washing – best preventative measure
How long
should you
wash your hands?
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

33. COMMON COLD Contagious viral respiratory infection
Indirect causes – chilling, fatigue, lack of proper food, and not enough sleep
Rx – Rest, drink warm liquids and fruit juice, good nutrition
Also called an Upper Respiratory Infection (URI)
Hand washing – best preventative measure

34. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Common Cold
Actually, what is really being affected is the flavor of the food, or the combination of taste and smell. That’s because only the taste, not the food odors, are being detected. 
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

35. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Common Cold
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

36. LARYNGITIS Inflammation of larynx or voice box
Often secondary to other respiratory infections
Symptoms – sore throat, hoarseness or loss of voice, dysphasia (difficulty swallowing)…treatment = no talking!

37. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Lung Sounds
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

38. RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
SINUSITIS
Infection of mucous membrane that lines sinus cavities
Caused by bacteria or virus
Symptoms – headache or pressure, thick nasal discharge, loss of voice resonance
Rx – symptomatic, surgery for chronic sinusitis

39. Respiratory disorders
Asthma
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

40. ASTHMA Inflammatory airway obstruction
Caused by allergen or psychological stress
5% of Americans have asthma
Symptoms = difficulty exhaling, dyspnea, wheezing, tightness in chest
Rx: anti-inflammatory drugs, inhaled bronchodilator

41. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Asthma
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

42. BRONCHITIS
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchial tubes, producing excessive mucous
May be acute or chronic
Acute bronchitis characterized by cough, fever, substernal pain and RALES (raspy sound)
Chronic bronchitis – middle or old age, cigarette smoking most common cause

43. Respiratory disorders
Bronchitis
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

44. RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) – Describes chronic lung conditions, especially emphysema and chronic bronchitis Rx – alleviate the symptoms, decrease exposure to respiratory irritants, prevent infections, restructure activities to prevent need for O2

45. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
COPD
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

46. EMPHYSEMA Alveoli becomes over dilated, lose their elasticity.
May eventually rupture
Air becomes trapped, can’t exhale – forced
exhalation required
Reduced exchange of O2 and CO2
Dyspnea increases as disease progresses

47. INFLUENZA (Flu)
Viral infection (VIRUS) causing inflammation of the mucous membrane of lungs
Fever, mucopurulent discharge, muscular pain, extreme exhaustion
Complications – pneumonia, otitis media and pleuresy
Rx – treat the symptoms

48. PNEUMONIA Infection of the lung Caused by bacteria or virus.
Alveoli fill with exudates (thick fluid)
Symptoms – chest pain, fever, chills dyspnea
Rx – O2 and antibiotics

49. Respiratory disorders
What can cause
a pneumothorax?
Pneumothorax – collapsed lung due to air entering the pleural cavity

50. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Pneumothorax
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

51. TUBERCULOSIS
Illegal immigration, homelessness and AIDS has caused an increase in US.
Tubercles (lesions) form in the lungs
Symptoms: cough, low grade fever in the afternoon, weight loss, night sweats
Diagnosis – TB skin test (injected with tuberculin)
If skin test positive – follow up with chest x-ray and
sputum sample
Rx – antibiotic

52. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
TUBERCULOSIS
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a type of bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The condition is spread when a person with an active TB infection in their lungs coughs or sneezes and someone else inhales the expelled droplets, which contain TB bacteria
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

53. Relevance of nutrients to the respiratory system
Did you know???
The respiratory system plays a vital role in homeostasis
Vitamin D-
prevents respiratory
disease in newborns
Folate-
prevents
respiratory
infections
Vitamin E-
prevents
common colds
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system