1. Warm - Up 1. What is the shape of Earth called?
2. How do scientists know what the inside of the Earth looks like?
3. What are the 4 compositional layers of the Earth?
4. What are the 3 structural layers of the Earth?
5. What is the difference between mass and weight?

2. Section 2: Energy in the Earth System

3. Earth-Science Systems
Organized group of related objects or components that interact to create a whole
Matter
Energy

4. Types of Systems Closed System Energy exchanged Matter not exchanged
Example: Sealed container

5. Types of Systems Open System Earth System?
Both matter and energy exchanged
Example: Open container
Earth System?
Almost closed

6. Earth’s Four Spheres

7. Earth’s Four Spheres Atmosphere Blanket of gases surrounding Earth
78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, 1% other gases

8. Hydrosphere Covers 71% of Earth’s surface 97% of surface water—Oceans
Freshwater— Lakes, rivers, streams

9. Earth’s Four Spheres Geosphere Mostly solid part of earth
Rock and soil on continents, ocean floor
Includes solid and molten interior of Earth

10. Biosphere All forms of life in geosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere
Non-decomposed organic matter
Extends from deepest parts of oceans to a few km above surface

11. Earth’s Energy Budget
Earth’s 4 main spheres-stores of energy and matter

13. Internal Sources of Energy
Earth’s formation
Heated by radioactive decay, gravitational constriction
Since formation
Amount of heat by radioactive decay has declined
Convection Current

14. Earth’s Cycles - Water

15. Nutrient Cycles
Nutrients – all chemical substances that an organism need to survive
Needs to build tissue and carry out life functions

16. Nutrient Cycles
3 nutrient cycles in the biosphere play critical roles in organism survival
1. Carbon Cycle
2. Nitrogen Cycle
3. Phosphorous Cycle

17. Carbon Cycle Key ingredient in all living things
Air, oceans, and rocks as well
1. Biological Processes – photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition

19. Carbon Cycle
2. Geochemical – release of CO2 gas from volcanoes

20. Carbon Cycle
3. Mixed Biochemical Processes – burial of carbon rich remains and conversion into fossil fuels

21. Carbon Cycle
4. Human Activity – mining, burning of fossil fuels and forests

22. Nitrogen Cycle
All organisms need nitrogen to make amino acids, which are used to build proteins
Nitrogen gas – 78% of atmosphere

23. Phosphorous Cycle Forms parts of DNA and RNA Not very common
Doesn’t enter atmosphere
Found mostly in rocks and ocean sediments
Moves through food webs
Rock worn down and travels to rivers

24. Threats Human Activity Altering habitats Over hunting Pollution
Introducing foreign species

25. Habitat Fragmentation
When land develops – natural habitats are destroyed
Habitat fragmentation – splits ecosystems into pieces
Habitat Islands
Central Park
Fewer biodiversity

29. Pollution - DDT DDT – widely used pesticide Drained into rivers Cheap
Active for a long time
Killed variety of insects
Drained into rivers
Can not eliminate from bodies
Non-biodegradable
Not broken down by plants or animals

34. Silent Spring 1962 – biologist Rachel Carson
Osprey, Brown Pelican, Bald Eagle
Threatened extinction
Made eggs fragile
1970’s DDT banned

35. Invasive Species
Invasive Species – plants or animals that have migrated to places where they are not native
Reproduce rapidly
No natural predators
Zebra Muscles