1. Carbon
Chapter 3
Page

2. Carbon
Organic Chemistry – chemicals that contain C and H. All molecules made by life are organic.
Chemistry of Carbon – considered the most versatile atom due to the following properties:
1. 6 electrons with 4 valence electrons

3. Carbon
2. Branching because of the sharing of electrons at four sites.

4. Carbon 3. Partners most often with O, H and N.
4. Bonding can take the form of chains, branched chains, rings, double or triple bonds.

5. Carbon
Double or Triple bonds. Fig 4.3 p. 59

6. Carbon
5. Monomers – small units of organic molecules

7. Carbon
6. Polymers – several to many monomers combined.

8. Carbon
7. Macromolecules – highly complex polymers.

9. Carbon 8. Isomers – same formula – different structure. Fig 4.7a, p.61
Ex 18 isomers of C8H18

10. Carbon
9. Enantomers – isomers that are mirror images of one another  left and right. Fig 4.7c, p.61
One is usually biologically active.
Ex Thalidomide – one is a sedative the other form causes birth defects.

12. Carbon
Functional Groups – important groups that attach to a carbon base.
There are seven that are vital to organic chemistry.
Fig. 4.9, p. 63

13. Carbon Group: Hydroxyl Example: Alcohols Property: Polar
Location: Sugars

14. Carbon Group: Carbonyl Example: Ketones, Aldehydes
Property: Middle of Molecule, End of Polar Molecules
Location: Sugars

15. Carbon Group: Carboxyl Example: COOH Property: Organic Acids, Polar
Location: Nucleic Acids, Amino Acids

16. Carbon Group: Amino Example: Amines Property: Basic and Polar
Location: Amino Acids and Proteins

17. Carbon Group: Sulfhydryl Example: Thiols Property: Stabilize Proteins
Location: Some Amino Acids

18. Carbon Group: Phosphate Property: Acids and Polar Molecules
Location: DNA and ATP

19. Carbon
Group: Methyl
Property: Nonpolar
Location: Sugars, Amino Acids