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3. The 7 signs of life

4. Animal and plant cells
Here is a picture of a plant cell and an animal cell.
Cells are the smallest units of life.
Some cells can exist on their own, whilst others are found in groups.
Humans are a collection of many billions of cells, all working together.

5. What is a cell?
While some cells do look different, all cells have three basic features.
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane

6. The Cell - a living factory!

7. Role Check

8. Do all cells look the same?
We now know that most cells have three basic parts. These are the:
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane
However, cells can be different shapes and sizes and also have different functions. This is because they are…
Specialised
This means that their shape is related to their function.
Where do you see this idea in sport?

9. Specialised rugby players
Why do we usually find that the players in a rugby union team are different shapes and sizes?
The players are different shapes because they have different jobs to do for the team.
Cells are also different shapes and sizes because they perform different jobs.

10. Whose cell is it anyway?

11. Plant cells
Therefore, if plants and animals are different shapes, they must be made of different shaped cells. Let’s have a look at the shape of a basic plant cell.
Cell Membrane
However, here is how the plant cell differs from the animal cell.
Apart from the shape, the cell looks very similar to an animal cell.
Vacuole (contains cell sap)
Cytoplasm
Chloroplast (contains chlorophyll)
Nucleus
Cell Wall
Starch Grains

12. Animal, plant or both?

13. …they are usually three-dimensional
Cell shapes
Now that we know what the basic structure of a plant and animal cell is, we can begin looking at the bigger picture.
Cells are not flat…..
…they are usually three-dimensional
The 3D shape of the cell will be determined by its location in the body and the job it does.

14. Bring it to life!
You can make your own 3D cell using the following equipment.
Plastic bag
Cellulose paste
Cardboard box
You will need to find some small objects to suspend in the cellulose paste. These will represent the internal structures of the cell.
Try to make a model of both the plant and animal cell. Then label these and display them.

15. Cell-play
A great way to visualize how a cell functions, is to become one!
You can get people to stand in a circle, holding hands to represent a cell membrane.
Then, get other people to be the nucleus and so on. If you are feeling adventurous, you can even dress up to represent the job of that part of the cell.
Make sure you have a cell membrane and a nucleus as a minimum. Then you can choose from the list and role-play cell activity.
Cell Membrane
Nucleus
Cell Wall
Vacuole
Water
Glucose
Starch
Chloroplast
Light
Waste Material

16. From Cell to Organism Plant Animal
As we know, all life is built of cells. The way we look is the result of the types of cell we are made of and the way those cells are organised.
For example, if we look at the cells of the plant and animal, it is no surprise that plants and animals look different…
Plant
Animal

17. Animal and Plant Cells

18. How is the body organised?
To help us understand this, think of how a school is organised.
A school needs to be very organised. Every pupil in the school needs to know where they should be and what they are doing. However...
Not all pupils study the same subjects.
Not all pupils can work together efficiently.
There is not room for all the pupils to be in the same place.

19. How is the body organised?
Therefore, a school uses the following system.
One pupil
Registration groups
Subject classes
A year group
A school

20. How is the body organised?
This hierarchy of organisation is also found in living organisms.
Each specific cell
Is grouped with cells similar in structure and function.
We call this a tissue.

21. Examples of Tissues Animal Tissues Plant Tissues Muscle Bone Liver
Skin
Lung
Mesophyll
Phloem
Xylem
Can you think of any more types of tissue?

22. How is the body organised?
Different tissues link together to carry out a certain job.
TISSUE
Together, they are known as an….
ORGAN
CELL

23. How is the body organised?
Next, different organs are linked together by tubes/ vessels…..
Organ 1
Organ 2
Organ 3
Organ 4
An organ system
To become..

24. How is the body organised?
The body is then made up of different organ systems working together to carry out all the functions of a living organism.
In summary...
Cell
Pupil
Tissue
Registration groups
Organ
Subject Classes
Organ system
Year
Organism
School

25. How is the body organised?
Well, it allows complex organisms to carry out many different jobs at the same time.
For example -
Grow
Reproduce
Excrete
Respire
Respond to things
Why are living organisms organised like this?
It also means our bodies don’t waste energy!
They are more efficient.

26. Activity 11 – Organs
A drag and drop activity

27. Think of the following situations…..
Where do cells come from?
Think of the following situations…..
REPRODUCTION...
Your body can make sex cells. In humans, these cells are the sperm and egg. These cells contain the same genetic information that can be found in other body cells.
REPAIR...
You cut your finger. The wound is eventually healed and weeks later you can’t even see where the cut used to be.
GROWTH...
Your body loses cells and cells are constantly dying. However, your skin never disappears and you don’t get smaller.
This is because you are constantly producing new cells and these new cells are produced from your existing cells.

28. New cells are produced from old cells dividing.
Where do cells come from?
You will have seen that our bodies produce cells for three main reasons:
REPAIR
REPRODUCTION
GROWTH
New cells are produced from old cells dividing.

29. Where do cells come from?
Q. Can you think of a problem if one cell splits to produce two cells?
A. The two new cells would be smaller than the original cell.
Therefore, a cell needs to make new copies of the material inside itself as well as the membrane and nucleus.
Just before a cell divides, it will appear to grow slightly as it reproduces everything inside itself.
The nucleus must also divide into two equal halves.
This only occurs once the nucleus has doubled from its original size.

30. Where do cells come from?
Cell division occurs extremely quickly and can happen over and over again.
Produce an enormous number of reproductive cells.
Repair cuts and replace dead cells quickly.
This is how it is possible for the body to ...
Grow quickly

31. Cell Division

32. Activity – animal cell

33. Activity – plant cell

34. Summary Drag the words into the correct places in the sentences.
A drag and drop activity

35. Multiple choice questions

36. Look at the diagram below.X V Z Y
1. What is V?
A Nucleus
B Glycogen granules
C Starch grains
D Chloroplast

37. Look at the diagram below.X V Z Y
2. What is X?
A Nucleus
B Cytoplasm
C Cell Membrane
D Cell wall

38. Look at the diagram below.X V Z Y
3. What is Y?
A Nucleus
B Cytoplasm
C Cell wall
D Chloroplast

39. Look at the diagram below.X V Z Y
4. What is Z?
A Cell membrane
B Vacuole
C Cytoplasm
D Nucleus

40. 5. Which of the following descriptions represents the function of the membrane?
A It is a jelly-like substance in which most of the chemical reactions take place.
B It controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
C It is the site of photosynthesis.
D It controls the activities of the cell .

41. 6. Which of the following descriptions represents the function of the nucleus?
A It is a jelly-like substance in which most of the chemical reactions take place.
B It controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
C It is the site of photosynthesis.
D It controls the activities of the cell.

42. 7. Which of the following descriptions represents the function of the cytoplasm?
A It is a jelly-like substance in which most of the chemical reactions take place.
B It controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
C It is the site of photosynthesis.
D It controls the activities of the cell.

43. Look at the diagram below.N O P R Q
8. What is M?
A Cell membrane
B Cytoplasm
C Cell coat
D Cell wall

44. Look at the diagram below.N O P R Q
9. What is N?
A Cytoplasm
B Vacuole
C Cell membrane
D Starch grain

45. Look at the diagram below.N O P R Q
10. What is O?
A Nucleus
B Starch grain
C Glycogen granule
D Chloroplast

46. Look at the diagram below.N O P R Q
11. What is P?
A Nucleus
B Starch grain
C Glycogen granule
D Chloroplast

47. Look at the diagram below.N O P R Q
12. What is Q?
A Cytoplasm
B Vacuole
C Nucleus
D Chloroplast

48. Look at the diagram below.N O P R Q
13. What is R?
A Cell wall
B Vacuole lining
C Cell membrane
D Cell coat

49. 14. Which of the following descriptions represents the function of the chloroplast?
A storage site
B site of photosynthesis
C site of reproduction
D site of excretion

50. 15. Which of the following types of tissue is capable of contracting and causing movement?
A glandular tissue
B liver tissue
C muscle tissue
D brain tissue

51. 16. Which of the following types of tissue is capable of making useful substances (e.g. enzymes)?
A glandular tissue
B liver tissue
C muscle tissue
D brain tissue

52. 17. Which of the following describes a group of cells of the same type all doing the same job?
A cell
B organ
C organ system
D tissue

53. 18. Which of the following describes a group of tissues working together to do the same job?
A cell
B organ
C organ system
D tissue

54. 19. Which of the following describes a group of organs of the same type all doing the same job?
A cell
B organ
C organ system
D tissue