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Memory
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Types of Memory Sensory Short term Long term
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Sensory Memory What: colors, tastes, smells, tones, touch
How Stored: Unanalyzed How Much: Everything How Long: Measured in Milliseconds
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Sensory Memory We don't want to store everything we see feel, hear 24/7 or it would be overload (Dreams are often made up of things we perceived but didn't attend to)
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Short Term Memory Working Memory
What: post it note memory solving problems in head remembering what you said after being distracted memorizing phone numbers simultaneous interpretation How stored: analyzed and stored How much: between 5 and 9 things How long: seconds
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How much can we remember?
How about four letters?
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Remember the letters you see
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Remember the letters you see
E Z N J
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Remember the letters you see
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Remember the letters you see
X U V L
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Remember the 7 numbers you see
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Remember the 7 numbers you see
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Remember the 7 numbers you see
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Remember the 13 numbers you see
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Remember the 13 numbers you see
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Remember the 16 numbers you see
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Remember the 16 numbers you see
Why is this different?
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Long Term Memory What: repository of our knowledge in world general knowledge, personal experiences How stored: Depends on what memory it is How much: Potentially infinite (lifelong?) How long: Potentially infinite
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Kinds of Long Term Memory
Declarative Episodic Semantic Procedural
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Declarative Memory Knowing what Conscious knowledge
Knowledge of facts, events What did you have for breakfast How do you calculate the average Is easy to describe to others
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Declarative Memory Episodic Memory
personal memory, not shared with others memory of experiences, emotions, context autobiographical with person as actor Semantic Memory impersonal memory, shared with others facts, knowledge, concepts, word meaning
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Procedural Memory Knowing how (compared to what)
Unconscious, tacit, skills ride bike chew speak Is hard to describe to others
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What kind of memory is language?
Words Word meanings Sentences (are they stored?) Motor skills in speech Ability to understand (Can you explain how?)
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What if you had no short term memory?
More Clive Wearing
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Word Frequency Little Bo-Peep has lost her sheep,
And can't tell where to find them; Leave them alone, And they'll come home, Wagging their tails behind them. Token frequency of them: 3 Type frequency of them: 1
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Word Frequency The North Wind and the Sun disputed as to which was the most powerful, and agreed that he should be declared the victor who could first strip a wayfaring man of his clothes. Token frequency of -ed: 3 Type frequency of -ed: 1 Token frequency of past tense: 4 Number of types of past tense: 2
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What makes speech perception hard
Sounds are not put side by side like letters are A round lemon and a melon (In PRAAT) Different people have different voices Different people have different accents The same person's pronunciation of same word is never exactly the same Speech sounds are on a continuum, are not categorical
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What makes speech perception hard
Speech sounds are on a continuum, are not categorical Speech sounds are on a continuum, are not categorical Speech sounds are on a continuum, are not categorical
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What makes speech perception hard
Speech sounds are on a continuum, are not categorical These are all [I], but they differ Speech sounds are on a continuum, are not categorical Speech sounds are on a continuum, are not categorical
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Light compared to speech
We can say color is halfway between blue and green (continuous perception) Even though two speech sounds may be different we don't say “that consonant is halfway between [d] and [t] (categorical perception)
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Motor Theory of Speech Perception
How can you account for perception in the face of so much variation? If speaking and hearing activate same parts of brain then hearing it helps you know how you say it and vice versa
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Speech Perception So articulatory features help perception
Could visual features affect perception? McGurk Effect
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