1. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
November 17, 2018
Lecture 1.1
Computer Classification, Components, & Trends
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

2. Objectives Introduce different types of computers
Explain 5 constituent components of a typical computer
Underline the trends of computers
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 2

3. Coverage Textbook Chapters 1.1, 1.4, 1.7, 1.8 Online resources
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 3

4. Contents Computer classification Components of a computer
Development trends of computers
Conclusions
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 4

5. Contents Computer classification Components of a computer
Development trends of computers
Conclusions
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 5

6. Computers are pervasive
Computers in automobiles
Smart phones
Internet
Search Engines
Appliances
Microwave oven
Refrigerator …
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 6

7. Your car has many computers
50~100 computers inside each car
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 7

8. Smart phones are all computers
2.5 billion smart phone users in 2018
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 8

9. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
November 17, 2018
The PostPC Era
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 9
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

10. Internet is a network of computers
Google’s huge data centers for searching
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 10

11. #1 supercomputer as of June 2018
Summit at Oak Ridge National Laboratory
> 2,282,544 cores
> MW 11

12. Many computers are hidden12

13. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
November 17, 2018
Classes of Computers
Desktop computers
General purpose, variety of software
Server computers
High capacity, performance, reliability
Range from small servers to building sized
Embedded computers
Hidden as components of systems
Stringent power/performance/cost constraints
Personal Mobile Devices
Clusters/warehouse scale computers
Supercomputers
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 13
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

14. Contents Computer classification Components of a computer
Development trends of computers
Conclusions
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 14

15. Components of a Computer
Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
November 17, 2018
Components of a Computer
§1.4 Under the Covers
All computers are to process data
Same components for all kinds of computer (e.g., desktop, server, embedded)
Input
Output
Memory
Control
Datapath
The BIG Picture
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 15
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

16. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
November 17, 2018
Anatomy of a Computer
Output device
Network cable
Anatomy \ə-ˈna-tə-mē\
Input device
Input device
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 16
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

17. Typical Input/Output User-interface devices Storage devices
Display, keyboard, mouse, touchscreen
Storage devices
Hard disk, CD/DVD, flash drive, SSD
Network adapters
For communicating with other computers
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 17

18. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
November 17, 2018
Networks
Communication and resource sharing
Local area network (LAN): Ethernet
Within a building
Wide area network (WAN): the Internet
Wireless network: WiFi, Bluetooth
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 18
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

19. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
November 17, 2018
Opening the Box
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 19
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

20. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
November 17, 2018
Place for Data
Volatile main memory
Loses instructions and data when power off
Non-volatile secondary memory
Magnetic disk (hard disk drive)
Solid-state drive (flash memory)
Optical disk (CDROM, DVD)
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 20
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

21. The Processor
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 21

22. Inside the Processor (CPU)
Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
November 17, 2018
Inside the Processor (CPU)
Datapath: performs operations on data
A collection of functional units that perform data processing operations
Control: sequences datapath
Different data items go through different components
Cache memory
Small fast SRAM memory for immediate access to data
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 22
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

23. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
November 17, 2018
Inside the Processor
AMD Barcelona: 4 processing cores
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 23
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

24. Datapath: assembly line
Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
November 17, 2018
Datapath: assembly line
Example of pipeline
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 24
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

25. Datapath in processor
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26. Memory hierarchy Pyramid
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 26

27. iPhone-external Front Back Side
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 27

28. iPhone-external Bottom
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 28

29. iPhone-internal
Memory module is under the processor using “package-on-package”
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 29

30. iPhone-internal
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 30

31. Contents Computer classification Components of a computer
Development trends of computers
Conclusions
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 31

32. The Computer Revolution
Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
November 17, 2018
The Computer Revolution
§1.1 Introduction
Progress in computer technology
Underpinned by Moore’s Law
The number of transistors on integrated circuits doubles approximately every two years
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 32
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

33. Moore’s Law
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 33

34. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
November 17, 2018
Technology Trends
Electronics technology continues to evolve
Increased capacity and performance
Reduced cost
DRAM capacity
Year
Technology
Relative performance/cost
1951
Vacuum tube 1
1965
Transistor 35
1975
Integrated circuit (IC)
900
1995
Very large scale IC (VLSI)
2,400,000
2013
Ultra large scale IC
250,000,000,000
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 34
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

35. Power Trends In CMOS IC technology ×30 5V → 1V ×1000
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 35

36. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
November 17, 2018
Power Wall
We can’t increase the frequency further due to power wall
The Power Wall
We can’t reduce voltage further
Transistor becomes too leaky
We can’t remove more heat easily
Chips start melting
How else can we improve performance?
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 36
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

37. Uniprocessor Performance
Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
November 17, 2018
Uniprocessor Performance
§1.8 The Sea Change: The Switch to Multiprocessors
Constrained by power, instruction-level parallelism, memory latency
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 37
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

38. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
November 17, 2018
Multiprocessors
Multicore microprocessors
More than one processor per chip
Requires explicitly parallel programming
Compare with instruction level parallelism
Hardware executes multiple instructions at once
Hidden from the programmer
Hard to do
Programming for performance
Load balancing
Optimizing communication and synchronization
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 38
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

39. Contents Computer classification Components of a computer
Development trends of computers
Conclusions
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 39

40. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
November 17, 2018
Concluding Remarks
Computers are pervasive and can be classified
All computers have 5 different components
We are witnessing a sea change from uniprocessors to multi/many-processors
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 40
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology