1. 2–3 Carbon Compounds Photo Credit: © John Conrad/CORBIS
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2. The Chemistry of Carbon: Organic Chemistry. Why is it important?
Have 4 valence electrons that form covalent bonds
Carbon can form chains that are unlimited in length by bonding to itself
No other element matches C versatility
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3. Monomers are transformed into polymers through the process of polymerization. Monomer: small units Polymer: long chains of units
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4. Four groups of organic compounds found in living things are:
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids
proteins
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5. Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are compounds made up of C, H, and O atoms, in a ratio of 1 : 2 : 1.
Function:
- Source of energy
- structure
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6. Different sizes of carbohydrates: Monosaccharides: Sugars Fructose
Glucose
Galactose
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides: Starches
Animal Starch: Glycogen
Stored in liver and muscles
Plant Starch: Cellulose
Provides strength
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7. Starches and sugars are examples of carbohydrates that are used by living things as a source of energy.
Examples:
Cellulose
Starch
Glycogen
Starch
Starches and sugars are examples of carbohydrates that are used by living things as a source of energy. Starches form when sugars join together in a long chain.
Glucose
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8. The common categories of lipids are:
Lipids are generally not soluble in water.
The common categories of lipids are:
fats
oils
waxes
Steroids: Chemical messengers
Function:
Store energy
Waterproofing
Important parts of Biological
Membranes
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9. Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are polymers assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides.
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10. Three types of fatty acids:
Saturated: each C atom is joined to another C (contain max amount of C)
Unsaturated: at least 1 double bond (liquid at room temp; olive oil)
Polyunsaturated: more than 1 double bond (cooking oil)
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11. Nucleotides consist of three parts:
a 5-carbon sugar
a phosphate group
a nitrogenous base
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12. Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information.
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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13. Proteins
Proteins are macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
polymers of molecules called amino acids.
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14. Amino acids
Amino acids are the monomers of proteins. All amino acids have an amino group at one end and a carboxyl group at the other end.
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15. The portion of each amino acid that is different is a side chain called an R-group.
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16. The instructions for arranging amino acids into many different proteins are stored in DNA.
Protein Molecule
Amino
Acids
Proteins help to carry out chemical reactions, transport small molecules in and out of cells, and fight diseases. Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids folded into complex structures.
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17. Some functions of proteins: Control rate of reactions – Enzymes
Used to form bones and muscles
Transport substances into or out of cells
Help to fight disease - antibodies
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18. 4 Levels of Protein Organization
Sequence of amino acids in a protein chain
Amino acids can be twisted or folded
Chain is folded
If a protein has more than 1 chain, they have a specific arrangement in relation to one another.
Van der Waals forces and Hydrogen bonds help keep the protein’s shape.
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19. 2–3 Large carbohydrate molecules such as starch are known as lipids.
monosaccharides.
proteins.
polysaccharides.
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20. 2–3 Many lipids are formed from glycerol and fatty acids.
monosaccharides.
amino acids.
nucleic acids.
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21. 2–3 Proteins are among the most diverse macromolecules because
they contain both amino groups and carboxyl groups.
they can twist and fold into many different and complex structures.
they contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
their R groups can be either acidic or basic.
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22. 2–3 Which of the following statements about cellulose is true?
Animals make it and use it to store energy.
Plants make it and use it to store energy.
Animals make it and use it as part of the skeleton.
Plants make it and use it to give structural support to cells.
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23. 2–3 A major difference between polysaccharides and proteins is that
plants make polysaccharides, while animals make proteins.
proteins are made of monomers, while polysaccharides are not.
polysaccharides are made of monosaccharides, while proteins are made of amino acids.
proteins carry genetic information, while polysaccharides do not.
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