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Moretz, 10th grade science 2007-2008
Ecology Moretz, 10th grade science
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Outline Roles of organisms in the ecosystem.
Interactions of organisms in the ecosystem. Symbiosis Predator-prey Competition Population ecology Exponential growth Carrying capacity Limiting factors
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Ecology Study of the living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) things in the environment.
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Species Species – group of organisms that share similar characteristics and are able to reproduce among themselves to produce fertile offspring.
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Population Population – organisms of the same species occupying the same area at the same time
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Community Community – all of the populations in an area.
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Ecosystem Ecosystem – all of the living and nonliving things in an area Abiotic – nonliving things in the ecosystem Biotic – living things in the ecosystem
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Roles of Organisms in the Ecosystem
Producer – organism that is able to photosynthesize to get food. Autotroph - organism that is able to photosynthesize to get food.
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Roles of Organisms in the Ecosystem
Consumer – organism that must eat another organism to get food. Heterotroph - organism that must eat another organism to get food.
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Types of Consumers Herbivore – consumer that only eats producers
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Types of Consumers Carnivore – consumer that only eats other consumers
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Types of Consumers Omnivore – consumer that eats both producers and consumers
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Types of Consumers Scavenger – animal that feeds off of organisms that were killed by another organism
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Types of Consumers Decomposer
organisms that break down organic material broken down organic material is then used by the producers and are passed through the food chain Ex. bacteria
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Food Chain A unidirectional, linear feeding relationship between organisms. Shows how an organism gets food in the ecosystem.
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Food Web All of the food chains in the ecosystem.
Shows how energy is recycled through the ecosystem.
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Food Web Producer Tertiary Consumer Tertiary Consumer Primary Consumer
Secondary Consumer Primary Consumer Secondary, Consumer Secondary Consumer Primary Consumer Primary Consumer Producer Primary Consumer
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Trophic Levels Each level in a food chain of food web.
Trophic level = food level 1st trophic level is ALWAYS Producers. Each level depends on the level below it for energy.
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Secondary Consumer Primary Consumer Tertiary Consumer Quaternary Consumer Producer
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Trophic Levels 3rd Trophic Level 2nd Trophic Level 4th Trophic Level
1st Trophic Level
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Ecological Pyramids Energy pyramid - Drawing of the amount of energy at each trophic level in a food web. Pyramid of Numbers – Drawing of the number of organisms at each trophic level
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Producer Producer
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Primary Consumer Primary Consumer Primary Consumer
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Secondary Consumer Secondary Consumer
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1st Trophic Level 1st Trophic Level
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2nd Trophic Level 2nd Trophic Level 2nd Trophic Level
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3rd Trophic Level 3rd Trophic Level
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Name the Producer, Consumers &
Decomposers in this food chain:
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Relationships in the Food Web
Symbiotic relationships Producer Consumer Predator prey Competition
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Symbiosis A close, long-term relationship between two or more organisms of different species. At least one organism benefits from the relationship. Types: Parasitism Mutualism Commensalism
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Symbiosis Host – larger organism in a symbiotic relationship
Symbiont – smaller organism in a symbiotic relationship.
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Parasitism Close, long-term relationship in which one organism is harmed while the other organism benefits. Ex. Tick feeding on your blood.
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Mutualism Close, long-term relationship in which both organisms benefit. Ex. E.coli living in your stomach. The E.coli gets nutrients from the food you eat, and the E.coli helps you digest the food.
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Commensalism Close, long-term relationship in which one organism benefits and one organism neither benefits nor is harmed. Ex. Barnacles live on whales. The barnacles get food and shelter and the whale is unharmed.
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Competition Two or more organisms attempt to use the same scarce resource. Organisms may compete for space, food, water, mates, light, & nutrients
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Niche Niche All of an organism’s interactions with:
its physical environment other organisms The “role” an organism has in its ecosystem
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Types of Niche Two types of niches: Fundamental Niche Realized Niche
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Fundamental Niche Niche an organism could potentially use within an ecosystem. Ex. A Jaguar hunts during the day and night; feeds on mammals, fish, and turtles; and give birth between June & August.
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Realized Niche Part of the fundamental niche that an organism actually uses. Determined by competition. Ex. A Jaguar hunts during the day and night but is only able to feed on fish; it gives birth between June & August.
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Zones I, II, & III Zones II & III B: Zones II & III C: Zone I
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Niche Overlap Species may share parts of another species’ niche, but different species NEVER have the same niche. Niche overlap Shared part of the niche. Competition occurs where niches overlap.
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Niche Overlap Leopard Algae
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Niche Overlap Hawk Owl
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Niche Overlap Hawk Owl Shared Resources Competition
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Example: Tale of Two Anoles
The Ecological Niche Example: Tale of Two Anoles Green Anole Brown Anole
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The Ecological Niche Fundamental vs. Realized Niche COMPETITION
Fundamental Niche of Green Anole Fundamental Niche of Brown Anole Overlap Brown anole out-competes green anole, therefore . . .
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The Ecological Niche Fundamental vs. Realized Niche
Realized Niche of Green Anole Realized Niche of Brown Anole Overlap
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The Ecological Niche Competitive Exclusion
- no 2 species can occupy the same niche indefinitely. - one species is excluded from part of the niche because of interspecific competition.
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The Ecological Niche Competitive Exclusion
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The Ecological Niche Competitive Exclusion
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Results of Competition
More unique niches. Species share less of each other’s niche. Competitive exclusion The process in which one species is out-competed and dies out within an ecosystem.
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Types of Competitors Generalist – species that are able to use many different resources & has a broad niche. Specialist – species that uses specific resources & has a narrow niche.
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Succession Succession Change in a community over time.
Caused by COMPETITION Species presently living in a community are out-competed; different species move into the ecosystem.
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Types of Succession Primary Succession: Secondary Succession:
Occurs where plants and soil did NOT previously exist. Secondary Succession: Occurs in an area where plants and soil previously existed.
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Biological Communities
Primary succession – Rocks Lichens Mosses
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Biological Communities
Primary succession – Rocks Lichens Mosses Grasses Shrubs
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Biological Communities
Primary succession – Rocks Lichens Mosses Grasses Shrubs Trees
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Secondary Succession
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Succession Species Pioneer species - 1st plants to grow in a changing habitat. Climax species - final plants to inhabit the mature stages of a habitat.
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Exponential Growth Describes the rate of growth of a population.
Caused by doubling the number of organisms in a population.
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Limiting Factor Abiotic factor that limits the growth of a population.
Ex. Water, temperature, food, space, light.
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Carrying Capacity Maximum number of organisms in a population an area can support.
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