1. REPTILES AND BIRDS
MRS. BENDER
CHAPTER 29

2. Characteristics of reptiles
Well developed legs
Shelled eggs
Scaly skin
Ectotherm
Efficient circulatory and respiratory systems
Characteristics of reptiles

3. Amniotic eggs Amnion is a membrane that surrounds a developing embryo
Fluid filled protects the embryo
Amniotic egg
Covered protective shell
Fluid full of nutrients and mimics the aquatic life
Allantois is a membrane that forms a sac which contains the waste products
Chorion is the outer most membrane allowing oxygen to enter and keep the fluid inside
Shells are leathery
Amniotic eggs

4. Outer covering Dry Scaly Protects from drying out
Needs to be shed for growth
Outer covering

5. Respiration and circulation
Depend on lungs (except aquatic turtles)
Breathe by squeezing throat forcing air into lungs
Two atrium, 1 ventricle partially divided
Closed system
Respiration and circulation

6. Feeding and digestion Most are carnivores
Iquanas and tortoises are herbivores
Turtles and crocs use tongue to help swallow
Lizards have sticky tongue
Snakes venom or constriction then ingest
Loosely connected jaws
Feeding and digestion

7. excretion Kidneys which filter blood to remove wastes
Urine enters the cloaca, water is reabsorbed to form uric acid
Enables the body to conserve water and maintain homeostasis of water and minerals.
excretion

8. Like amphibians, except cerebrum is larger, because vision and muscle function more complex
Vision stronger than hearing in most
Snakes detect vibration in jaw bone
Smell highly evolved, Jacobson organ, sac like structures which sense odor in mouth
Brain and senses

9. Temperature control and movement
Ectotherms
Legs are located under body, bear more weight and move faster
Heavier and stronger bones than amphibians
Have claws on their toes, for digging, climbing, and gripping
Temperature control and movement

10. reproduction Internal fertilization- egg fertilized inside female body
Embryo surrounded by yolk, nourishes the embryo and a leathery shell to protect and prevent liquids from leaving
reproduction

11. Order squamata Lizards Legs with claws Movable eyelids Flexible jaws
Tympanic membrane
Snakes
Legless
Lack movable eyes and tympanic membrane
Jointed jaws
Order squamata

12. Order testudinata Turtles and tortoises Encased in a protective shell
Plastron is the ventral part of the shell
Carapace is the dorsal part of the shell
Vertebrate and ribs are fused to the inside of the carpace
Do not have teeth, sharp beaks
Order testudinata

13. Order crocodilia Four chambered heart, ventricle divided completely
More quicker and aggressively, more powerful
alligators
Broader snout
Upper jaw is wider than lower, teeth do not show
Crocodiles
Long snout, sharp teeth, powerful jaws
Upper and lower jaw the same so teeth show
Order crocodilia

14. Order sphenodonta Tuataras Look like large lizards
Spiny crest down bck
Third eye on top of head, covered with scales but can sense sunlight
Two rows of teeth on the upper jaw
Two living species off the coast of New Zealand
Order sphenodonta

15. Characteristics of birds
Endotherms- generate body heat internally through metabolism
Higher body temperature allows for more ATP production for flight
Feathers
Specialized outgrowths of the skin
Made of keratin
Functions: flight and keep heat from escaping
Preening spread oil from preen gland located near tail to add a weather proofing coat
Contour feathers: flight
Barbs are held together by barbules
Down feathers
Located beneath contour no barbs so make good insulators
Characteristics of birds

16. Skeleton of birds Light weight bones Very strong
Hollow, contains a cavity of air
Large breast muscles which attach to the keel of the sternum
Skeleton of birds

17. respiration More space in the lungs One way air circulation
Inhales, oxygenated blood moves to posterior air sacs, gas exchange, then into the anterior air sac
Exhales deoxygenated air is expelled and oxygenated from posterior is sent to the lungs
Only oxygenated blood is moved through the lungs
respiration

18. Four chamber heart
lung…left atrium…..left ventricle….. To body……to right atrium….right ventricle…..lungs
circulation

19. Require large amounts of food to maintain high metabolic rate
Shape of beak determine food eaten
Crop is a storage area for food
Gizzard contains small pebbles for grinding food
Feeding and digestion

20. Kidneys
Have a cloaca to reabsorb water
Do not have a bladder to hold urine
excretion

21. Cerebellum-coordinate movement and balance during flight
Cerebrum-controls eating, singing, flying, instinctive behavior’
Medulla oblongata-controls automatic functions such as respiration and heartbeat
Excellent vision
Brain and senses

22. Establishing territories
Locating mates
Courtship behavior
Constructing nests
Incubating nest
reproduction