1. Unit 3
Standards 6-7

2. Standard 6 Analyze the challenges faced by the first five presidents and how they responded
a. Examine the presidency of Washington, including the precedents he set. b. Explain the presidency of John Adams including the Sedition Act and its influence on the election of c. Explore Jefferson’s expansion of presidential power including the purchase and exploration of the Louisiana Territory. d. Explain James Madison’s presidency in relation to the War of 1812 and the war’s significance in the development of a national identity. e. Explain James Monroe’s presidency in relation to the Monroe Doctrine.

3. The Washington Presidency

4. George Washington (1789-1797) Pinckney’s Treaty (1795)
Political Developments
Judiciary Act of 1789
Whiskey Rebellion (1794)
Federalist Party
Democratic-Republican Party
Economic Developments
Assumption Plan (1790)
First National Bank of the United States (1791)
Samuel Slater’s factory (1791)
Cotton gin by Eli Whitney (1793)
Social and Cultural Developments
Republican motherhood
Foreign Policy Developments
French Revolution
Citizen Genet (1793)
Jay Treaty (1794)
Pinckney’s Treaty (1795)

5. Washington’s 1st Term: 1789-1793
There were no guidelines for the office of the President when Washington was elected
Washington's leadership as our nation’s first president was critical in shaping the future of the U.S. and laying the foundations for the new republic
Washington’s 1st Term:

6. George Washington’s Presidency (1789-1797)
Known as the precedent president
Established many important patterns (precedents) for future presidents to follow
Examples: forming a cabinet, using the title “Mr. President”, establishing the authority to enforce laws, and retiring after 2 terms

7. Creation of the Presidential Cabinet
Important precedent set by Washington
Washington knew he was not very experienced and knowledgeable with government and economic policy
He decided to surround himself with people that experts in the field of government to help him make decisions for the new country
Every president has had a cabinet system since Washington– includes the Vice President and heads of 15 different government departments
Washington’s cabinet included only 4 people

8. Henry Knox, Secretary of War Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of Treasury
Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State
Edmund Randolph, Attorney General

9. Washington’s Cabinet Members of the cabinet did not always agree
Hamilton and Jefferson disagreed frequently over the expanding power of the government
Hearing different arguments helped Washington determine important policies that helped shape the United States

10. “Mr. President”
Title to address the President was not established by the Constitution
Washington thought the title should be simple and reflect the republican nature of the new government
Did not want to resemble a monarch
Settled on the title of “Mr. President”

11. The Whiskey Rebellion
Washington’s new government encouraged Congress to pass taxes on liquor to help pay states’ debt from the Revolutionary War
Tax hit small whiskey-makers hard-
They would use excess grain crops to make whiskey for easy transport from western territories
They became angry at the tax—started attacked federal tax collectors in Western Pennsylvania
Washington led a large militia to shut down the rebellion
His response set a critical precedent for presidential authority to enforce the law
Show Washington video here

13. American Neutrality
Washington faced another serious challenge when war broke out between England & France in 1793
Americans were divided:
Hamilton supported Britain
Jefferson supported France
In 1793, Washington issued the Proclamation of Neutrality because the best way to protect American interests was to stay out of the fight

14. Setting a two-term limit
Washington chose to not seek re-election at the end of his 2nd term
At the time there was nothing in the Constitution stopping him from running again.
22nd Amendment—1951
He wanted to retire and live at Mount Vernon in Virginia
Also wanted to prove to the world that transfer of power could be peaceful under the new government of the United States
Wanted to emphasize that he was not a king and that a republican system of government was effective

15. Farewell Address
Washington started the tradition of giving a farewell address before leaving office
He chose to address issues he was concerned about that would impact the nation
1) Emerging political factions (political parties)
2) Forming alliances with other countries

16. Danger of Political Parties
Political parties would put “a small but artful and enterprising minority…in the place of the delegated will of the nation”
-George Washington
Washington warned in his farewell address that the nation would be in danger if political parties formed.
These political parties he warned of started as he left office
Nation’s first political parties came from the differences of opinion between Hamilton and Jefferson

17. Hamilton & Jefferson were the most influential of the cabinet members but they had different views on the role of gov’t for the new nation

18. Thomas Jefferson
Jefferson feared a strong national gov’t & wanted power left to the states in order to protect liberty:
He saw America as a nation of farmer-citizens & feared rule by the “wealthy elite”
As Sec of State, Jefferson favored close ties with France, especially when the French Revolution began in 1789

19. Alexander Hamilton
Hamilton thought a strong national gov’t was best for America:
Hamilton wanted leaders to come from the “educated elite”
He wanted the U.S. to develop like England (trade & industry)
As Sec of Treasury, he created a Financial Plan to grow U.S. industry, pay off national debts, & expand the economy

20. Hamilton vs. Jefferson: The Nature of Human Beings
People are motivated by self-interests
Only the “elite” should govern
Jefferson
The “common” man can make good decisions
Corruption occurs when power is in the hands of the “elite”
Hamilton vs. Jefferson: The Nature of Human Beings

21. Hamilton vs. Jefferson: The best type of government
Powerful national government
Articles of Confederation was too weak
Jefferson
Power should remain with state governments
Keep the national government small
Hamilton vs. Jefferson: The best type of government

22. Hamilton vs. Jefferson: Political party and its ideas
Federalist party
Strong national government and fewer states rights
Jefferson
Republican (Democratic- Republican)
Limited national government and more states rights
Hamilton vs. Jefferson: Political party and its ideas

23. Hamilton vs. Jefferson: Ideal economy
Economy based on industry
Wanted a strong national bank to regulate currency— Bank of the US (BUS)
Jefferson
Economy based on small, independent farmers
Thought a national bank was unconstitutional
Hamilton vs. Jefferson: Ideal economy

24. Hamilton’s Financial Plan
Components of the Financial Plan:
The national gov’t should take all the state debts (assumption) & pay them off at full value (funding)
Create a “Bank of the U.S.” to regulate American currency
Create a “protective tariff” on British manufactured goods to get people to buy American goods
Jefferson opposed the “BUS” because it would give too much power to bankers & the Constitution did not give Congress the power to create a national bank
It passed when Hamilton used the “Elastic Clause” (Article 1, Section 8) to argue that the bank was “necessary & proper” 7 7

25. Hamilton vs. Jefferson: View on the Constitution
Supported the Constitution
Constitution can be “loosely” interpreted with the “necessary and proper” clause
Jefferson
Supported the Constitution because of the Bill of Rights
Constitution should be strictly interpreted
Powers not given to the national government are reserved for states
Hamilton vs. Jefferson: View on the Constitution

27. The Adams Presidency

28. John Adams (Federalist) (1797-1801)
Political Developments
Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions ( )
Midnight Judges and Marshall Court (1801)
Social and Cultural Developments
Republican motherhood
Second Great Awakening
Foreign Developments
XYZ Affair ( )
Quasi War ( )

29. Thomas Jefferson (D-R) (1801-1809)
Political Developments
Election of 1800/Revolution of 1800
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Louisiana Purchase (1803)
Economic Developments
Embargo Act of 1807
Steamboat Clermont (1807)
Social and Cultural Developments
Non-importation of slaves (1808)
Second Great Awakening
Foreign Policy Developments
Barbary Pirates/War ( )
Chesapeake-Leopard Affair (1807)

30. James Madison (D-R) (1809-1817)
Political Developments
Hartford Convention ( )
Economic Developments
Second Bank of the United States (1816)
American System
Tariff of 1816
Social and Cultural Developments
Second Great Awakening
Foreign Policy Developments
Impressment
Non-intercourse Act of 1809
Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810)
Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)
War of 1812
Battle of New Orleans (1814)

31. James Monroe (D-R) (1817-1825) Political Developments
Era of Good Feelings
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Gibbons v. Ogden (1821)
Missouri Compromise (1820)
Economic Developments
American System
Panic of 1819
Cumberland Road
Lowell System
Social and Cultural Developments
Denmark Vesey Slave Revolt (1822)
American Colonization Society (1822)
Second Great Awakening
Foreign Policy Developments
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
Monroe Doctrine (1823)