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Unit 3 Standards 6-7
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Standard 6 Analyze the challenges faced by the first five presidents and how they responded
a. Examine the presidency of Washington, including the precedents he set. b. Explain the presidency of John Adams including the Sedition Act and its influence on the election of c. Explore Jefferson’s expansion of presidential power including the purchase and exploration of the Louisiana Territory. d. Explain James Madison’s presidency in relation to the War of 1812 and the war’s significance in the development of a national identity. e. Explain James Monroe’s presidency in relation to the Monroe Doctrine.
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The Washington Presidency
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George Washington (1789-1797) Pinckney’s Treaty (1795)
Political Developments Judiciary Act of 1789 Whiskey Rebellion (1794) Federalist Party Democratic-Republican Party Economic Developments Assumption Plan (1790) First National Bank of the United States (1791) Samuel Slater’s factory (1791) Cotton gin by Eli Whitney (1793) Social and Cultural Developments Republican motherhood Foreign Policy Developments French Revolution Citizen Genet (1793) Jay Treaty (1794) Pinckney’s Treaty (1795)
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Washington’s 1st Term: 1789-1793
There were no guidelines for the office of the President when Washington was elected Washington's leadership as our nation’s first president was critical in shaping the future of the U.S. and laying the foundations for the new republic Washington’s 1st Term:
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George Washington’s Presidency (1789-1797)
Known as the precedent president Established many important patterns (precedents) for future presidents to follow Examples: forming a cabinet, using the title “Mr. President”, establishing the authority to enforce laws, and retiring after 2 terms
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Creation of the Presidential Cabinet
Important precedent set by Washington Washington knew he was not very experienced and knowledgeable with government and economic policy He decided to surround himself with people that experts in the field of government to help him make decisions for the new country Every president has had a cabinet system since Washington– includes the Vice President and heads of 15 different government departments Washington’s cabinet included only 4 people
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Henry Knox, Secretary of War Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of Treasury
Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State Edmund Randolph, Attorney General
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Washington’s Cabinet Members of the cabinet did not always agree
Hamilton and Jefferson disagreed frequently over the expanding power of the government Hearing different arguments helped Washington determine important policies that helped shape the United States
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“Mr. President” Title to address the President was not established by the Constitution Washington thought the title should be simple and reflect the republican nature of the new government Did not want to resemble a monarch Settled on the title of “Mr. President”
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The Whiskey Rebellion Washington’s new government encouraged Congress to pass taxes on liquor to help pay states’ debt from the Revolutionary War Tax hit small whiskey-makers hard- They would use excess grain crops to make whiskey for easy transport from western territories They became angry at the tax—started attacked federal tax collectors in Western Pennsylvania Washington led a large militia to shut down the rebellion His response set a critical precedent for presidential authority to enforce the law Show Washington video here
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American Neutrality Washington faced another serious challenge when war broke out between England & France in 1793 Americans were divided: Hamilton supported Britain Jefferson supported France In 1793, Washington issued the Proclamation of Neutrality because the best way to protect American interests was to stay out of the fight
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Setting a two-term limit
Washington chose to not seek re-election at the end of his 2nd term At the time there was nothing in the Constitution stopping him from running again. 22nd Amendment—1951 He wanted to retire and live at Mount Vernon in Virginia Also wanted to prove to the world that transfer of power could be peaceful under the new government of the United States Wanted to emphasize that he was not a king and that a republican system of government was effective
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Farewell Address Washington started the tradition of giving a farewell address before leaving office He chose to address issues he was concerned about that would impact the nation 1) Emerging political factions (political parties) 2) Forming alliances with other countries
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Danger of Political Parties
Political parties would put “a small but artful and enterprising minority…in the place of the delegated will of the nation” -George Washington Washington warned in his farewell address that the nation would be in danger if political parties formed. These political parties he warned of started as he left office Nation’s first political parties came from the differences of opinion between Hamilton and Jefferson
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Hamilton & Jefferson were the most influential of the cabinet members but they had different views on the role of gov’t for the new nation
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Thomas Jefferson Jefferson feared a strong national gov’t & wanted power left to the states in order to protect liberty: He saw America as a nation of farmer-citizens & feared rule by the “wealthy elite” As Sec of State, Jefferson favored close ties with France, especially when the French Revolution began in 1789
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Alexander Hamilton Hamilton thought a strong national gov’t was best for America: Hamilton wanted leaders to come from the “educated elite” He wanted the U.S. to develop like England (trade & industry) As Sec of Treasury, he created a Financial Plan to grow U.S. industry, pay off national debts, & expand the economy
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Hamilton vs. Jefferson: The Nature of Human Beings
People are motivated by self-interests Only the “elite” should govern Jefferson The “common” man can make good decisions Corruption occurs when power is in the hands of the “elite” Hamilton vs. Jefferson: The Nature of Human Beings
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Hamilton vs. Jefferson: The best type of government
Powerful national government Articles of Confederation was too weak Jefferson Power should remain with state governments Keep the national government small Hamilton vs. Jefferson: The best type of government
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Hamilton vs. Jefferson: Political party and its ideas
Federalist party Strong national government and fewer states rights Jefferson Republican (Democratic- Republican) Limited national government and more states rights Hamilton vs. Jefferson: Political party and its ideas
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Hamilton vs. Jefferson: Ideal economy
Economy based on industry Wanted a strong national bank to regulate currency— Bank of the US (BUS) Jefferson Economy based on small, independent farmers Thought a national bank was unconstitutional Hamilton vs. Jefferson: Ideal economy
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Hamilton’s Financial Plan
Components of the Financial Plan: The national gov’t should take all the state debts (assumption) & pay them off at full value (funding) Create a “Bank of the U.S.” to regulate American currency Create a “protective tariff” on British manufactured goods to get people to buy American goods Jefferson opposed the “BUS” because it would give too much power to bankers & the Constitution did not give Congress the power to create a national bank It passed when Hamilton used the “Elastic Clause” (Article 1, Section 8) to argue that the bank was “necessary & proper” 7 7
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Hamilton vs. Jefferson: View on the Constitution
Supported the Constitution Constitution can be “loosely” interpreted with the “necessary and proper” clause Jefferson Supported the Constitution because of the Bill of Rights Constitution should be strictly interpreted Powers not given to the national government are reserved for states Hamilton vs. Jefferson: View on the Constitution
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The Adams Presidency
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John Adams (Federalist) (1797-1801)
Political Developments Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions ( ) Midnight Judges and Marshall Court (1801) Social and Cultural Developments Republican motherhood Second Great Awakening Foreign Developments XYZ Affair ( ) Quasi War ( )
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Thomas Jefferson (D-R) (1801-1809)
Political Developments Election of 1800/Revolution of 1800 Marbury v. Madison (1803) Louisiana Purchase (1803) Economic Developments Embargo Act of 1807 Steamboat Clermont (1807) Social and Cultural Developments Non-importation of slaves (1808) Second Great Awakening Foreign Policy Developments Barbary Pirates/War ( ) Chesapeake-Leopard Affair (1807)
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James Madison (D-R) (1809-1817)
Political Developments Hartford Convention ( ) Economic Developments Second Bank of the United States (1816) American System Tariff of 1816 Social and Cultural Developments Second Great Awakening Foreign Policy Developments Impressment Non-intercourse Act of 1809 Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810) Battle of Tippecanoe (1811) War of 1812 Battle of New Orleans (1814)
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James Monroe (D-R) (1817-1825) Political Developments
Era of Good Feelings McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Gibbons v. Ogden (1821) Missouri Compromise (1820) Economic Developments American System Panic of 1819 Cumberland Road Lowell System Social and Cultural Developments Denmark Vesey Slave Revolt (1822) American Colonization Society (1822) Second Great Awakening Foreign Policy Developments Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) Monroe Doctrine (1823)
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