1. Creating the Introduction & Conclusion

2. Introductions and Conclusions:
Primacy-Recency effect: The audience is more likely to remember the first and last items conveyed orally in a series than the items in between.
Note: When asked to recall a list of items in any order (free recall), people tend to begin recall with the end of the list, recalling those items best (the recency effect). Among earlier list items, the first few items are recalled more frequently than the middle items (the primacy effect).

3. Goals of AMAP Introduction:
Attention Getter
Motivator (Reason to Listen)
Assertion (Purpose Statement)
Preview of Main Points
The introduction is usually only 10-15% of the length of your entire speech.

4. Attention Getters:
Create an opening that will win your audience’s attention:
Use a quotation
Tell a short story
Ask a rhetorical question (question seeking a mental response rather than a direct response)
Use of startling fact or statistic
Use humor (not recommended……)
Illustration (action, video clip, etc.)

5. Motivator for Listener Relevance:
A Listener relevance link is a statement of how and why your speech relates to or might affect your audience.
Sometimes, your attention getter will serve this function. Therefore, it might not be necessary to include an additional listener relevance statement.

6. Assertion: This section announces the topic and purpose of the speech.
Sometimes, your attention getter will serve this function. Therefore, it might not be necessary to include an assertion statement.
Also known as the thesis statement.

7. Preview of Points
You must preview your main points. Be straightforward!
It is written in the future tense. (A tense expressing an action that has not yet happened.)E.g. “I will be showing…”

8. Goals of the Conclusion:
Should be 2-3 sentences in length and should be planned, polished and prepared.
Should be memorized to help you connect to the audience and increase credibility as a speaker. (Just like the Attention Getting Step of AMAP)
Avoid using questions, thanking the audience for listening or saying, “I hope you enjoyed my speech. I’m done.”
Do not include visual aid explanations AFTER the Conclusion.
Try to make the Clincher/Closing statement tie back into your Attention Getter.

9. The Conclusion must include both parts to be written correctly and completely:
Summary
Clincher/Closer

10. Summary:
Summary: This sentence announces the main ideas just like the Preview Step did during the Introduction.
This time, however, the main ideas are written in to the PAST tense, since the conclusion comes after the Body of the Speech.

11. Clincher/Closing:
This statement needs to be powerful and memorable. This statement is the last part that your audience hears from you! It should be planned, prepared and polished!
To help the audience bring the speech to a conclusion, tie the closing remarks into the opening statement used in the Attention Getter.