1. REVIEW SLIDES

2. NOTE:
Disclaimer: students may find typos/mistakes in these reviews. If you spot them, please feel free to make a change and then the instructor the corrected Power Point.
Disclaimer: these slides are not intended to substitute for exam preparation. Finding a mistake does not exempt students from knowing the material.

3. Interactions between cells and the extracellular environment
Chapter 6
Interactions between cells and the extracellular environment

4. Describe how to make 100 ml of an 0. 2 molal solution of NaCl
Describe how to make 100 ml of an 0.2 molal solution of NaCl. (MW of NaCl is 58.5 grams)

5. Describe how to make 100 ml of an 0. 2 molal solution of NaCl
Describe how to make 100 ml of an 0.2 molal solution of NaCl. (MW of NaCl is 58.5 grams) 58.5 grams in 1 kg water = 1 molal 5.85 grams in 0.1 kg water = 1 molal 1.17 grams in 0.1 kg water = 0.2 molal

6. A hypothesis has two parts:
1) the investigator states what they believe will happen
2) _________________________

7. A hypothesis has two parts:
1) the investigator states what they believe will happen
2) the investigator provides a rationale for their belief

8. In an experiment, there are two groups, the experimental group and the control group.
The control group refers to the group that did/did not receive the treatment

9. In an experiment, there are two groups, the experimental group and the control group.
The control group refers to the group that did/did not receive the treatment

10. In our lab on osmosis, which solution was more osmotically active
In our lab on osmosis, which solution was more osmotically active? 30% Magnesium sulfate or 60% sucrose?

11. In our lab on osmosis, which solution was more osmotically active
In our lab on osmosis, which solution was more osmotically active? 30% Magnesium sulfate or 60% sucrose?

12. In our lab on osmosis, which solution should have caused red blood cells to burst? Choose either 0.4% saline, 0.9% saline or 3% saline.

13. In our lab on osmosis, which solution should have caused red blood cells to burst? Choose either 0.4% saline, 0.9% saline or 3% saline.

14. Plasma has an osmolality of about 300 mOsm
Plasma has an osmolality of about 300 mOsm. The osmolality of isotonic saline (0.9%) is equal to ___________ mOsm.

15. Plasma has an osmolality of about 300 mOsm
Plasma has an osmolality of about 300 mOsm. The osmolality of isotonic saline (0.9%) is equal to __300_ mOsm.

16. Describe how to prepare a 30% glucose solution

17. Describe how to prepare a 30% glucose solution Weigh 30 grams of glucose, dissolve it in water, pour the solution into a 100 mL graduated cylinder, and fill the cylinder with water to make 100 mL.

18. _____________ g of sucrose (molecular weight = 342) would be added to 1L of water to produce a 2.5 Osm solution.

19. ____855____ g of sucrose (molecular weight = 342) would be added to 1L of water to produce a 2.5 Osm solution.

20. A dialysis membrane containing a 25% starch solution is placed into a beaker of pure water. The membrane is permeable to water but not to starch. In which direction will osmosis occur?

21. A dialysis membrane containing a 25% starch solution is placed into a beaker of pure water. The membrane is permeable to water but not to starch. In which direction will osmosis occur?
Osmosis will drive water through the membrane  into the starch.

22. In the process of _______________, secretory vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents into the extracellular environment.

23. In the process of exocytosis, secretory vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents into the extracellular environment.

24. “As a result of the unequal distribution of charges between the inside and outside of cells, each cell acts like a tiny battery with the positive pole outside the plasma membrane and the negative pole inside.” The magnitude of this difference in charge is called the _______________ ________________. p. 150 Physiology, S. Fox, 14th edition.

25. “As a result of the unequal distribution of charges between the inside and outside of cells, each cell acts like a tiny battery with the positive pole outside the plasma membrane and the negative pole inside.” The magnitude of this difference in charge is called the potential difference. p. 150 Physiology, S. Fox, 14th edition.

26. When a person is dehydrated, the high plasma osmolality causes the _________________ to release ADH, which causes the kidneys to conserve water.

27. When a person is dehydrated, the high plasma osmolality causes the hypothalamus to release ADH, which causes the kidneys to conserve water. (see p. 142)

28. A 1.0 m NaCl solution has a total concentration of __________ Osm.

29. A 1.0 m NaCl solution has a total concentration of _____2____ Osm.

30. Blood plasma is _________% saline.

31. Blood plasma is __0.9_% saline.

32. Primary active transport occurs when the hydrolysis of ____________ is directly responsible for the function of the carrier protein.

33. Primary active transport occurs when the hydrolysis of ______ATP___ is directly responsible for the function of the carrier protein.

34. If a selectively permeable membrane (permeable to water but not to glucose, Na+ or Cl-) separates a 1.0 m glucose solution from a 1.0 m NaCl solution, water will move by osmosis into the ______________ solution.

35. If a selectively permeable membrane (permeable to water but not to glucose, Na+ or Cl-) separates a 1.0 m glucose solution from a 1.0 m NaCl solution, water will move by osmosis into the _NaCl_________ solution.

36. Which of the following is NOT a factor accounting for the unequal distribution of charges across a cell membrane? a. the permeability properties of the plasma membrane b. the presence of non-diffusible negatively charged molecules inside the cell c. the action of Na+/K+ pumps d. all of the above are factors that account for the unequal distribution of charge across a membrane.

37. Which of the following is NOT a factor accounting for the unequal distribution of charges across a cell membrane? a. the permeability properties of the plasma membrane b. the presence of non-diffusible negatively charged molecules inside the cell c. the action of Na+/K+ pumps d. all of the above are factors that account for the unequal distribution of charge across a membrane.

38. ”Because the plasma membrane is usually more permeable to ________ than to any other ion, the membrane potential is usually determined primarily by the ________ concentration gradient.” (p. 150, Physiology, S. Fox, 14th Ed.)

39. ”Because the plasma membrane is usually more permeable to K+ than to any other ion, the membrane potential is usually determined primarily by the K+ concentration gradient.” (p. 150, Physiology, S. Fox, 14th Ed.)

40. The Na+/K+ pump distributes ______ sodium _________ (into/out of) the cell and ______ potassium __________ (into/out of) the cell

41. The Na+/K+ pump distributes ___3___ sodium ___out of___ (into/out of) the cell and _2__ potassium __into___ (into/out of) the cell

42. A change in the membrane permeability to any given ion will change the membrane potential. a. True b. False

43. A change in the membrane permeability to any given ion will change the membrane potential. a. True b. False

44. The resting membrane potential of a neuron or muscle cell is a
The resting membrane potential of a neuron or muscle cell is a. equal to the potassium equilibrium potential b. equal to the sodium equilibrium potential c. somewhat less negative than the potassium equilibrium potential d. somewhat more positive then the sodium equilibrium potential e. not changed by stimulation.

45. The resting membrane potential of a neuron or muscle cell is a
The resting membrane potential of a neuron or muscle cell is a. equal to the potassium equilibrium potential b. equal to the sodium equilibrium potential c. somewhat less negative than the potassium equilibrium potential d. somewhat more positive then the sodium equilibrium potential e. not changed by stimulation.

46. _____________ g of sucrose (molecular weight = 342) would be added to 1L of water to produce a 2.5 Osm solution.

47. ____855____ g of sucrose (molecular weight = 342) would be added to 1L of water to produce a 2.5 Osm solution.

48. The membrane of resting nerve cells is more permeable to ____________ ions than __________ ions. a. sodium, potassium b. calcium, potassium c. potassium, sodium d. chloride, potassium

49. The membrane of resting nerve cells is more permeable to ____________ ions than __________ ions. a. sodium, potassium b. calcium, potassium c. potassium, sodium d. chloride, potassium

50. In the process of _______________, secretory vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents into the extracellular environment.

51. In the process of exocytosis, secretory vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents into the extracellular environment.

52. Osmotic pressure is a measure of the force needed to

53. Osmotic pressure is a measure of the force needed to drive osmosis.

54. Question from end of Ch. 6
Red blood cells crenate in a. a hypotonic solution b. an isotonic solution c. a hypertonic solution

55. Question from end of Ch. 6
Red blood cells crenate in a. a hypotonic solution b. an isotonic solution c. a hypertonic solution

56. CH 6
What is osmotic pressure?

57. Osmotic pressure – the force required to stop osmosis.
Can be used to describe the osmotic ‘pull’ of a solution.
Pure water has an osmotic pressure of zero
FIG. 6.9 The force required to stop osmosis is twice as great for a solution of 360 g/L as for a solution of 180 g/L

58. CH 6
What is Molarity vs. Molality?

59. “Molarity” – # moles/1 Liter of solution
Molarity vs. Molality
“Molarity” – # moles/1 Liter of solution
FIG. 6.10
“Molality” – # moles/1 kg of solvent
With Molality, we always use the same amount of water (1 kg or 1 L); With Molarity, the amount of water used will differ when used to dissolve solutes of different Molecular weights.

60. What is meant by the term “osmolality”?

61. Osmolality is the total molality of a solution when you combine all of the molecules within it.
EXAMPLE: A 360 g (2 m) glucose solution and a 180 g glucose (1m) g fructose (1m) solution would have the same osmolality.
-These are both 2 Osm solutions.
Osmolality

62. Which direction will water move?
QUESTION:
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Which direction will water move?
H2O
H2O
A membrane permeable to water but not to glucose, Na+ or Cl-
1.0 m glucose
1.0 Osm
H2O
H2O
separates a 1.0 m glucose solution from 1.0 m NaCl solution.
1.0 m NaCl
2.0 Osm
(a)
1.5 Osm
1.5 Osm
(b)

63. Which direction will water move?
ANSWER:
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Which direction will water move?
H2O
H2O
A membrane permeable to water but not to glucose, Na+ or Cl-
1.0 m glucose
1.0 Osm
H2O
H2O
separates a 1.0 m glucose solution from 1.0 m NaCl solution.
1.0 m NaCl
2.0 Osm
(a)
Water will move by osmosis into the NaCl solution b/c NaCl has a concentration of 2.0 Osm due to ionization.
1.5 Osm
1.5 Osm
(b)

64. CH 6
What is a mEquivalent?

65. CH 6
What is a mEquivalent?
The millimolar concentration of an ion multiplied by its number of charges

66. CH 6
What is tonicity?

67. Tonicity is the effect of solute concentration on the osmotic movement of water. Isotonic – same solute on both sides. Hypotonic – a lower solute concentration, lower osmotic pressure Hypertonic – has a greater osmotic pressure
WHAT IS Tonicity?
Plasma has the same osmolality as a 0.3m glucose or a 0.15m NaCl solution.
These solutions are considered isosmotic to plasma.
Made as 0.9g NaCl/100mL water – normal saline
5% dextrose – 5g glucose/100 mL water
crenation

68. Tonicity takes into account the permeability of the membrane to the solutes. If the solutes can cross the membrane, the tonicity will change/stay the same (choose one).

69. Tonicity takes into account the permeability of the membrane to the solutes. If the solutes can cross the membrane, the tonicity will change.

70. If you place Red Blood Cells (that are 0. 3 mOsm) into a solution of 0
If you place Red Blood Cells (that are 0.3 mOsm) into a solution of 0.3 m urea, what will happen to the flow of water?

71. 1) If you place RBCs in a 0.3m solution of urea, the tonicity will not be isotonic because urea can cross into the RBCs and draw water with it.
2) These cells will eventually burst.
3) Therefore, 0.3 m urea is isoosmotic but not isotonic isosmotic – solutions that have the same osmolality

72. Define “isosmotic”

73. Define “isosmotic”
Solutions that have the same osmolality
(note: they will not necessarily be isotonic)

74. Question from end of ch. 6
Plasma has an osmolality of about 300 mOsm. The osmolality of isotonic saline is equal to
150 mOsm
300 mOsm
600 mOsm
None of these

75. Question from end of ch. 6
Plasma has an osmolality of about 300 mOsm. The osmolality of isotonic saline is equal to
150 mOsm
300 mOsm
600 mOsm
None of these

76. Define “hyperkalemia”

77. Define “hyperkalemia”
Hyperkalemia is defined as a plasma K+ concentration greater than the normal range of 3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L

78. Question from the end of Ch. 6
In hyperkalemia, the resting membrane potential
a) moves farther from 0 millivolts
b) moves closer to 0 millivolts
c) remains unaffected

79. Question from the end of Ch. 6
In hyperkalemia, the resting membrane potential
a) moves farther from 0 millivolts
b) moves closer to 0 millivolts
c) remains unaffected

80. Fig. 6.13 Which of these situations represents “crenation”?
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 6.13
Isotonic solution
Which of these situations represents “crenation”?
Hypotonic solution
Hypertonic solution
H2O
H2O

81. Fig. 6.13 Which of these situations represents “crenation”?
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 6.13
Isotonic solution
Which of these situations represents “crenation”?
Hypotonic solution
Hypertonic solution
H2O
H2O
Cells crenate when they lose water (shrink)

82. Explain the homeostasis of water.
Start with the effects of dehydration, and then state how the body corrects itself.

83. Fig. 6.14 Sensor Dehydration Integrating center Effector –
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Sensor
Dehydration
Fig. 6.14
Integrating center
Effector –
Blood volume
Plasma osmolality
Osmoreceptors in the
hypothalamus
ADH secretion
from posterior
pituitary
Thirst
Kidneys
Drinking
Water intake
Water retention

84. CH 6
What is meant by the term “membrane potential”?

85. CH 6
What is meant by the term “membrane potential”?
“the potential difference or voltage that exists between the two sides of a cell membrane. It exists in all cells but is capable of being changed by excitable cells (neurons and muscle cells).”
Allows the cell to act like a tiny battery

86. Describe the mM concentrations of Ca2+, Na+, K+, Cl- inside and outside the cell.

87. Describe the mM concentrations of Ca2+, Na+, K+, Cl- inside and outside the cell.
ANSWER:

88. The plasma membrane is more permeable to ________ ion than to any other cation.

89. The plasma membrane is more permeable to __K+__ ion than to any other cation.

90. CH 6
What is hyperkalemia?

91. CH 6
What is hyperkalemia?
Abnormally high K+ in the blood; reduces the membrane potential (brings it closer to zero)
Interferes with normal heart functioning
Causes EKG abnormalities
Heartbeat is stopped at [K+] > 8.0 mEq/L
Normal [K+] = 3.5 – 5.0 mEq/L

92. CH 6
What is hypokalemia?

93. CH 6
What is hypokalemia?
Abnormally low plasma K+
Can result from taking diuretics
May also cause EKG abnormalities

94. Describe 3 modes of cell signaling.

95. CELLS COMMUNICATE USING CHEMICAL SIGNALS1
Paracrine regulators 2
neurotransmitters 3
hormones

96. Describe how polar versus nonpolar hormones work.

97. Describe how polar versus nonpolar hormones work.

98. What is meant by the term “hyperkalemia”?

99. What is meant by the term “hyperkalemia”?
Abnormally high levels of K+ in the blood.
Brings the resting membrane potential closer to zero.
Extremely high K+ levels can be dangerous to the heart, are lethal.

100. Describe diffusion and osmosis

101. CH 6
Describe diffusion and osmosis
diffusion – substances move down their concentration gradient; no energy required
Osmosis – water moves down its concentration gradient; no energy required.

102. CH 6
Name three types of passive transport

103. CH 6 Name three types of passive transport
Simple diffusion through a membrane
Simple diffusion through channel proteins
Facilitated diffusion (through carrier proteins; no energy)
SEE ALSO NEXT SLIDE FOR PICTURES

104. Three types of passive transport
1 – simple diffusion – Nonpolar molecules, ions, water,
go through the membrane.
2 – facilitated diffusion through a channel protein. E.g. ions, water through aquaporin channels.
3 – facilitated diffusion through a carrier protein e.g. small organic molecules such as glucose.

105. CH 6
Describe the physical transport of glucose

106. Facilitated Diffusion of Glucose
no ATP used
Net movement from high to low
Requires specific carrier proteins
SEE MORE PICS ON NEXT SLIDE

107. INSERTION OF CARRIER PROTEINS INTO PLASMA MEMBRANE
Unstimulated – carriers located in vesicles
Stimulated – carriers fuse with plasma membrane
Isoforms:
GLUT1 – CNS
GLUT2 – pancreatic beta cells & hepatocytes
GLUT3 – neurons
GLUT4 – adipose tissue & skeletal muscles

108. How might insulin affect the fusion of GLUT carriers with the plasma membrane?

109. How might insulin affect the fusion of GLUT carriers with the plasma membrane?
Insulin would cause the fusion of GLUT carriers with the plasma membrane to drive the movement of glucose out of the bloodstream.

110. CH 6
describe diabetes mellitus and glycosuria

111. CH 6
describe diabetes mellitus and glycosuria.
Caused by the inadequate secretion and/or action of insulin
The person has fasting hyperglycemia
(High plasma glucose)
Glucose carriers in renal tubule are saturated
Glucose ends up in the urine (glycosuria)

112. Draw a graph which shows that carrier proteins can A) become saturated and B) can display the phenomenon of “competition” between two transported substances
X axis = Concentration of “X”
Y axis = Rate of transport of ”X”

113. Carrier-Mediated Transport.

114. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that “carrier proteins” share with enzymes?
A. display effects of competition due to other molecules
B. show specificity
C. can become saturated
D. move molecules across membranes

115. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that “carrier proteins” share with enzymes?
A. display effects of competition due to other molecules
B. show specificity
C. can become saturated
D. move molecules across membranes

116. Glucose and amino acids are components of urine
True
False

117. Glucose and amino acids are components of urine
True
False

118. Glucose and amino acids are found in filtrate and reabsorbed in the proximal tubule
True
False

119. Glucose and amino acids are found in filtrate and reabsorbed in the proximal tubule
True
False

120. Describe the reabsorption of glucose in the proximal tubule

121. Mechanism of Reabsorption in the proximal tubule
Glucose is cotransported with Na+
Gatorade Lab
STEPS:
1) 2◦ active transport of glucose and Na+ into cyto
2) 1◦ active transport of Na+ by Na+/K+ pump.
3) Glucose  facilitated diffusion

122. Transport maximum (Tm) is when the glucose carriers are _______________________.

123. Transport maximum (Tm) is when the glucose carriers are _________saturated_____.
Saturation:
Occurs at 375 mg/min of glucose in the filtrate
Normal:
Normal glucose levels are about 125 mg/min

124. Glucose is found in the urine when
Glucose is secreted in the tubule
Glucose is reabsorbed in the tubule
Glucose levels exceed the Transport Max of glucose transporters
Glucose levels are lower than the Transport Max of glucose transporters

125. Glucose is found in the urine when
Glucose is secreted in the tubule
Glucose is reabsorbed in the tubule
Glucose levels exceed the Transport Max of glucose transporters
Glucose levels are lower than the Transport Max of glucose transporters

126. Define “glycosuria”

127. Define “glycosuria”
Glucose is found in the urine
Glucose spills into the urine when plasma concentrations reach mg/100 ml
This is well below the Transport Maximum (Tm).
Therefore, it is thought that some nephrons may have lower Tm values than average

128. Define: “renal plasma threshold”

129. Define: “renal plasma threshold”
Renal Plasma Threshold – Is the minimum plasma concentration of a substance that results in the excretion of that substance in the urine.
Renal plasma threshold is the point at which a molecule saturates its transporters out of the tubule.

130. Define “hyperglycemia”

131. Define “hyperglycemia”
Hyperglycemia – when glucose exceeds renal plasma threshold; (fasting hyperglycemia = diabetes mellitus)