1. The unequal distribution of electrons makes
water a polar molecule (+/- regions)
Oxygen is more
electronegative than
hydrogen
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2. Since opposite charges attract, polar molecules form hydrogen
2.10
Since opposite charges attract,
polar molecules form hydrogen
Bonds, ‘sticking’ together
This is cohesion
H- bonds are one type of Van de Waals force -
the attraction of two of the same type of molecule

3. strongest at the surface – called surface tension
Cohesion between
adjacent molecules is
strongest at the surface
– called surface tension

4. Molecules that do not form
H bonds are non-polar
Non-polar substances are
hydrophobic

5. Water forms H bonds with other polar molecules and ions
This is called adhesion
Adhesion creates a meniscus
capillary action
results from both adhesion and cohesion

6. Water transpired to atmosphere
Cohesion, adhesion and capillary action transport water throughout a plant

7. Water is polar
oil is non-polar
alcohol is in between

8. Water is a solvent for solutes that are charged i. e
Water is a solvent for solutes that are charged i.e. salt (ionic) & sugar (polar covalent)
Na+ and Cl- dissociate
in water, creating a
solution
NaCl is hydrophillic