1. CSC159: Digital System & Logic
CHAPTER :
EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
VON NEUMANN MACHINE
CSC159: Computer Organization
Prepared by: Pn. Siti Fatimah Nor Binti Wahab

2. THE 0TH GENERATION (GEN. 0) : MECHANICAL COMPUTERS (1642-1945)
Mechanical calculating machine
Inventor : Blaise Pascal
First person to build a working calculating machine.
The programming language Pascal is named after him.
The device was built in 1642.
Could only do addition and subtraction.
It is entirely mechanical, using gears and powered by a hand-operated crank.
CSC159: Computer Organization
Prepared by: Pn. Siti Fatimah Nor Binti Wahab

3. THE 0TH GENERATION (GEN. 0) CONT..
Step Reckoner : mechanical
calculating machine
Inventor : Gottfried von Leibniz
Took Pascal’s invention a step further.
1n 1671, he introduced Step Reckoner, a mechanical machine that not only can add and subtract, but also multiply, divide and evaluate square roots by series of stepped additions.
He strongly advocated the use of binary numbering system, which is fundamental in modern computers’ operation.
Figure 1 : Step Reckoner
CSC159: Computer Organization
Prepared by: Pn. Siti Fatimah Nor Binti Wahab

4. THE 0TH GENERATION (GEN. 0) CONT..
Loom
Inventor : Joseph Marie Jacquard
Developed in 1801, it used punched cards to control the pattern woven into cloth. The program provided by the punched cards controlled rods that raised and lowered different threads in the correct sequence to print a particular pattern.
In the years to come, variations on Jacquard’s punched cards would find variety of uses, including the storing of programs for computers.
CSC159: Computer Organization
Prepared by: Pn. Siti Fatimah Nor Binti Wahab

5. THE 0TH GENERATION (GEN. 0) CONT..
CSC159: COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
THE 0TH GENERATION (GEN. 0) CONT..
Difference Engine
Inventor : Charles Babbage
Mechanical device - could only subtract and add, designed to compute tables of numbers useful for naval navigation.
Was to run on single algorithm, the method of finite differences using polynomials.
Built in 1822.
Figure 2 : Difference Engine
CSC159: Computer Organization
Prepared by: Pn. Siti Fatimah Nor Binti Wahab

6. THE 0TH GENERATION (GEN. 0) CONT..
CSC159: COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
THE 0TH GENERATION (GEN. 0) CONT..
Analytical Engine
Inventor : Charles Babbage in 1834.
FOUR components: the store (memory), the mill (computation unit), the input section (punched card reader) and the output section (punched and printed output).
Intended to employ several features subsequently used in modern computers, including sequential control, branching and looping.
General purpose, able to carry out different instructions/ computations.
Ada Augusta Byron, the Countess of Lovelace worked closely with Babbage and developed many of the fundamental ideas in programming and program design, including the concepts of branches and loops.
Ada was thus the world’s 1st computer programmer. A modern programming language Ada® is named in her honor.
Figure 3 : Analytical Engine
CSC159: Computer Organization
Prepared by: Pn. Siti Fatimah Nor Binti Wahab

7. THE 0TH GENERATION (GEN. 0) CONT..
CSC159: COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
THE 0TH GENERATION (GEN. 0) CONT..
ABC - Atanasoff and Berry Computer
Inventor : John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry.
Devised in 1937 to solve physics equations that
Atanasoff was working on that time.
It was the first binary-based machine.
Has an arithmetic/logic unit with thirty units that can do addition/subtraction, a rotating drum memory that held thirty
binary numbers of fifty digits each, and punched card input.
Each punched card held five fifteen-digit decimal numbers. These numbers were converted to binary as they entered the machine.
Although it has limitations, ABC was an important path mark that led to later significant advances in computer design.
Figure 4 : The ABC
CSC159: Computer Organization
Prepared by: Pn. Siti Fatimah Nor Binti Wahab

8. THE 0TH GENERATION (GEN. 0) CONT..
The MARK 1
Inventor – Howard H. Aiken and associates at Harvard University – helped and funded by IBM
Built in 1937 and completed in 1944
Used thousands of relays (mechanical binary switches controlled by electrical currents). But the primary design was still decimal. Storage consisted of 23-digits decimal numbers, stored on counter wheels. Additional counter wheel held the sign, using the digit “0” for plus and “9” for minus
Input and output used punched paper tape
CSC159: Computer Organization
Prepared by: Pn. Siti Fatimah Nor Binti Wahab

9. THE 1ST GENERATION (GEN. 1) : VACUUM TUBES (1945 – 1955)
The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
Inventor : John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert at The University of Pennsylvania.
Designed and built between 1943 and 1946.
It contained 18,000 vacuum tubes and 1500 relays.
Had 20 registers, each capable of holding a 10-digit decimal number.
The system could also provide printed output.
Programs could not be stored internally but were hard wired with external “patch panels” and toggle switches.
ENIAC is generally considered as the first all-electronic digital computer.
ENIAC led directly to the development of UNIVAC I, the world’s first commercially available computer in 1951.
CSC159: Computer Organization
Prepared by: Pn. Siti Fatimah Nor Binti Wahab

10. THE 1ST GENERATION (GEN. 1) CONT..
CSC159: COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
THE 1ST GENERATION (GEN. 1) CONT..
Figure 4 : The ENIAC
Figure 5 : The UNIVAC 1
CSC159: Computer Organization
Prepared by: Pn. Siti Fatimah Nor Binti Wahab

11. THE 1ST GENERATION (GEN. 1) CONT..
CSC159: COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
THE 1ST GENERATION (GEN. 1) CONT..
The consultant in the ENIAC project, John Von Neumann, came up with the idea of stored program.
Memory hold both program and data
Memory is address linearly
Memory is address by the location number without regard to the contained within
Program could be represented in digital form in the computer’s memory, along with the data.
His basic design is known as the Von Neumann Machine. It had 5 basic parts: the memory, the ALU, the program CU, and the input and output equipment.
CSC159: Computer Organization
Prepared by: Pn. Siti Fatimah Nor Binti Wahab

12. THE 1ST GENERATION (GEN. 1) CONT..
CSC159: COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
THE 1ST GENERATION (GEN. 1) CONT..
The EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)
Developed by Mauchly and Eckert based on Von Neumann Machine.
Developed at the University of Pennsylvania.
EDVAC was completed in It stored its instructions electronically, using the binary system for instruction coding and input. The EDVAC was one of the first two-stored program computers.
CSC159: Computer Organization
Prepared by: Pn. Siti Fatimah Nor Binti Wahab

13. THE 1ST GENERATION (GEN. 1) CONT..
CSC159: COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
THE 1ST GENERATION (GEN. 1) CONT..
The IAS machine.
Developed by John Von Neumann in 1947 at the Institute of Advanced Studies in Princeton.
Completed in 1951 and fully operational in 1952
The machine was a binary computer with a 40-bit word, storing two 20-bit instructions in each word.
The memory was 1024 words. Negative numbers were represented in "two's complement" format. Two registers: the Accumulator (AC) and Multiplier/Quotient (MQ).
Importantly, the IAS machine was the first design to mix programs and data in a single memory.
It used about 2300 tubes in its circuitry. The addition time was 62 microseconds and the multiplication time was 713 microseconds. It was an asynchronous machine, meaning that there was no central clock regulating the timing of the instructions. One instruction started executing when the previous one finished.
CSC159: Computer Organization
Prepared by: Pn. Siti Fatimah Nor Binti Wahab

14. THE 1ST GENERATION (GEN. 1) CONT..
CSC159: COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
THE 1ST GENERATION (GEN. 1) CONT..
Figure 6 : The IAS
CSC159: Computer Organization
Prepared by: Pn. Siti Fatimah Nor Binti Wahab

15. THE 1ST GENERATION (GEN. 1) CONT..
CSC159: COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
THE 1ST GENERATION (GEN. 1) CONT..
The EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator).
The machine, having been inspired by John von Neumann's seminal EDVAC report, was constructed by Maurice Wilkes and his team at the University of Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory in England.
EDSAC was the world's first practical stored program electronic computer, although not the first stored program computer (that honor goes to the Small-Scale Experimental Machine).
CSC159: Computer Organization
Prepared by: Pn. Siti Fatimah Nor Binti Wahab

16. THE 2ND GENERATION : TRANSISTORS (1955-1965)
The device that characterized the second generation computers was the transistors.
Transistor was invented in Bell Labs in 1948 by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley.
Transistors were made of a semi-conducting material and control the flow of electricity through the circuits.
Allows computers to become physically smaller, more powerful, more reliable and even faster than before.
Transistors were less expensive and smaller, required less electricity and emitted less heat than the vacuum tubes.
Fewer transistors than tubes were required to operate a computer.
Transistors were not fragile as vacuum tubes, and they lasted longer.
CSC159: Computer Organization
Prepared by: Pn. Siti Fatimah Nor Binti Wahab

17. THE 2ND GENERATION (GEN. 2) CONT..
The TX-0
The first transistorized computer built at M.I.T. this machine was merely intended as a device to test the much fancier TX-2
PDP-1
Manufactured by DEC in It had 4K of 18-bit words and a cycle time of 5 microsec. It cost $120,000. DEC managed to sell dozens of PDP-1s and the minicomputer industry was born
One of the PDP-1’s many innovations was a visual display (CRT) and the ability to plot points anywhere on its 512 x 512 screen. Students of M.I.T also programmed the PDP-1 to play spacewar, and the world had its first video game
A few years later DEC introduced the PDP-8 which uses a single bus, the omnibus
CSC159: Computer Organization
Prepared by: Pn. Siti Fatimah Nor Binti Wahab

18. THE 2ND GENERATION (GEN. 2) CONT..
IBM 7090
The performance was double that of PDP-1. It was the fastest computer in the world at that time. Cost millions of dollars. Later IBM introduced the Both 7090 and 7094 marked the end of ENIAC type machines
CDC 6600
Introduced by CDC. A highly parallel machine. It had several functional units for and all of them could run in parallel
The Burroughs B5000
Programmed in Algol 60, a forerunner of Pascal
The idea that software also counted was born
CSC159: Computer Organization
Prepared by: Pn. Siti Fatimah Nor Binti Wahab

19. THE 2ND GENERATION (GEN. 2) CONT..
CSC159: COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
THE 2ND GENERATION (GEN. 2) CONT..
CDC 6600
Introduced by CDC. A highly parallel machine. It had several functional units for and all of them could run in parallel.
The Burroughs B5000
Programmed in Algol 60, a forerunner of Pascal.
CSC159: Computer Organization
Prepared by: Pn. Siti Fatimah Nor Binti Wahab

20. THE 3RD GENERATION : INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (1965-1980)
Signified the beginning of third generation computers.
Integrated circuits (ICs) were single, complete electronic semiconductor circuits contained on pieces of silicon, sometimes called chips.
ICs could be manufactured by machinery, which ultimately resulted in a lower cost.
Memory technology improved.
By 1969, as many as 1,000 transistors could be built on a chip of silicon. Magnetic disks were improved and were used more for storage. Monitors and keyboards were introduced for data input and output.
CSC159: Computer Organization
Prepared by: Pn. Siti Fatimah Nor Binti Wahab

21. THE 4TH GENERATION : PERSONAL COMPUTERS AND VLSI (1980 – 199?)
The significant distinction : techniques of implementation of integrated circuits by using large-scale integration (LSI) of chips with several thousand transistors.
In the mid 1970’s the development of very large scale integration (VLSI) produced a chip containing a microprocessor.
The development of VLSI made the development of the microcomputer possible.
CSC159: Computer Organization
Prepared by: Pn. Siti Fatimah Nor Binti Wahab

22. THE 4th GENERATION (GEN. 2) CONT..
1989 :
Intel 486 was developed with 1 million transistors
2000 :
released of Pentium 4 which had 42 million transistors
CSC159: Computer Organization
Prepared by: Pn. Siti Fatimah Nor Binti Wahab

23. Prepared by: Pn. Siti Fatimah Nor Binti Wahab
The 5TH Generation : Artificial Intelligence, Neural Networks, Digital/Analog Hybrids, Web Computing (?)
Will begin with the creation and use of a computer with Artificial Intelligence.
CSC159: Computer Organization
Prepared by: Pn. Siti Fatimah Nor Binti Wahab

24. The Von Neumann Architecture
THE PRINCIPLES :
Data and instructions are both stored in the main memory.
The content of the memory is addressable by location.
Instructions are executed sequentially, unless the order is explicitly modified.
CSC159: Computer Organization
Prepared by: Pn. Siti Fatimah Nor Binti Wahab

25. The Von Neumann Architecture
THE ARCHITECTURE :
A central processing unit (CPU); it contains the control unit (CU), that coordinates the execution of instructions and the arithmetic/logic unit (ALU), which performs arithmetic and logic operations.
Main memory.
Von Neumann computers are general purpose computers. They can solve very different problems depending on the program they got to execute
CSC159: Computer Organization
Prepared by: Pn. Siti Fatimah Nor Binti Wahab

26. The Von Neumann Architecture
Figure 6 : The Architecture
Figure 7 : The General-purpose (von Neumann) Architecture
CSC159: Computer Organization
Prepared by: Pn. Siti Fatimah Nor Binti Wahab

27. The Von Neumann Architecture
In the von Neumann architecture, a small set of circuits can be driven to perform very different tasks, depending on the software program, which is executed.
The primary function of a CPU is to execute the instructions fetch from the main memory.
An instruction tells the CPU to perform one of its basic operations.
The CU is the one which interprets the instruction to be executed and which ‘tells’ the different other components of what to do.
The CPU includes a set of registers, which are temporary storage devices typically used to hold intensively used data and intermediate result.
CSC159: Computer Organization
Prepared by: Pn. Siti Fatimah Nor Binti Wahab