1. Navigation Review
ATC Chapter 12

2. Aim
To review principals of navigation to a BAK level of knowledge

3. Objectives
State the method to read charts and identify prominent features
Explain the principals of direction
Describe the triangle of velocities
In the ERSA extract data pertaining to prohibited, restricted and danger areas, and conversions
State the method for fuel planning

4. 1. Charts Visual Terminal Chart (VTC)
Smallest scale chart, 1:250000, shows the greatest detail and used whenever possible
Only produced for areas with high volumes of traffic
Features include:
Visual reporting points
VFR routes
Danger/Restricted areas
Terminal information
Aerodromes
Controlled airspace boundaries and levels
Spot heights
Visual navigation aids
Includes inset for major GA aerodromes

5. 1. Charts Visual Navigation Chart (VNC)
1: scale, used on navigation exercises
Shows less detail but covers a larger area

6. 1. Charts World Aeronautical Chart (WAC)
1: scale, used on navigation exercises in areas not covered by the VNC
A lot less information compared to the VTC or VNC
Uses contours and hypsometric tints to show terrain shape and height

7. 1. Charts PCA 1:8300000 scale, covers the entire country
Used primarily during the pre-flight planning stages to track weather systems

8. 2. Direction
Variation
All charts use the geographical north pole as their reference datum, this is known as true north. A track taken from a chart is said to be in degrees true
Unfortunately when we are flying in the aircraft all our instruments will use the magnetic north pole as the datum
Variation is the angular difference between true and magnetic north, it is not constant over the entire earth and is shown on charts using isogonals (lines of constant variation)

9. 2. Direction
Variation
Variation is labelled east or west depending on whether the isogonal is east or west of the agonic line
If variation is East, magnetic direction is less than true
If variation is West, magnetic direction in more than true
For example, if we are on a flight from YPPF to YPAG, we measure a track from the chart of 193⁰, what is the variation? 8⁰
What is the magnetic track?
185⁰

10. 3. Triangle of Velocities
The triangle of velocities is typically used to calculate heading and groundspeed
In order to use the triangle we must know at least two of the following:
Track and groundspeed
Wind
Heading and TAS
Wind
Heading and TAS
Track and groundspeed

11. 4. ERSA
PRD Areas
Information relating to Prohibited, Restricted and Danger (PRD) areas can be found in the PRD section in the back of the ERSA
It states the PRD areas identification, status, hours of operation, controlling authority and type of operations conducted
Restricted area (RA) status indicates the likelihood of obtaining a clearance through the area
RA 1: Pilots may plan through the area and can expect a clearance from ATC
RA 2: Pilots must not plan through the area unless on a route specified in the ERSA GEN FPR or under an agreement from the department of defence, ATC clearance is not assured
RA 3: Pilots must not plan through the area and clearance will not be available
For example:
What is the status of R255?
What is the status of R292A?

12. 4. ERSA
Conversions
ERSA GEN CON contains various conversion charts and tables including:
Fuel weight table
Imperial to metric conversions
Distance conversions
Wind component tables

13. Note: Due to the critical nature of the fuel plan, always round up
The fuel plan is used to pre-plan fuel requirements for the flight
Note: Due to the critical nature of the fuel plan, always round up

14. 5. Fuel Plan
Fill in flight time

15. 5. Fuel Plan Fill in flight time
Determine cruise fuel required, remember when fuel planning we plan to burn 35 litres per hour for the C172SP

16. 5. Fuel Plan Fill in flight time
Determine cruise fuel required, remember when fuel planning we plan to burn 35 litres per hour for the C172SP
An alternate will not be required for training area flights

17. 5. Fuel Plan Fill in flight time
Determine cruise fuel required, remember when fuel planning we plan to burn 35 litres per hour for the C172SP
An alternate will not be required for training area flights
Sub total = Cruise + Alternate

18. 5. Fuel Plan Fill in flight time
Determine cruise fuel required, remember when fuel planning we plan to burn 35 litres per hour for the C172SP
An alternate will not be required for training area flights
Sub total = Cruise + Alternate
As per our ops manual we must carry 15% variable reserve.
Note: This is not a legal requirement as we are an air work operation

19. 5. Fuel Plan
Fixed reserve is required for all operations

20. 5. Fuel Plan Fixed reserve is required for all operations
Holding should not be required for training area flights

21. 5. Fuel Plan Fixed reserve is required for all operations
Holding should not be required for training area flights
The ops manual states to plan 5 Litres for taxi fuel

22. 5. Fuel Plan Fixed reserve is required for all operations
Holding should not be required for training area flights
The ops manual states to plan 5 Litres for taxi fuel
Work out the total fuel required

23. 5. Fuel Plan Fixed reserve is required for all operations
Holding should not be required for training area flights
The ops manual states to plan 5 Litres for taxi fuel
Work out the total fuel required
Enter the Useable fuel on board at start up

24. 5. Fuel Plan Fixed reserve is required for all operations
Holding should not be required for training area flights
The ops manual states to plan 5 Litres for taxi fuel
Work out the total fuel required
Enter the Useable fuel on board at start up
The margin is the difference between Endurance and fuel required

25. 5. Fuel Plan Fixed reserve is required for all operations
Holding should not be required for training area flights
The ops manual states to plan 5 Litres for taxi fuel
Work out the total fuel required
Enter the Useable fuel on board at start up
The margin is the difference between Endurance and fuel required
Determine margin endurance at a fuel burn of 35 litres per hour

26. 5. Fuel Plan
Add fuel required time and margin time to determine total endurance
Note: For the C172SP the full fuel endurance should be  333 minuets

27. 5. Fuel Plan
Example
Determine the fuel required for a 1.5 hour flight to the training area and the margin if we are carrying 160 litres

28. Questions?