1. Words that LOOK like verbs, but are not verbs.
Verbals
Words that LOOK like verbs, but are not verbs.

2. Participles….
…look like verbs, act as adjectives (ask: What kind? How many? Which one? )
Modify nouns/pronouns (like adjectives)
Can be removed without changing the meaning of the sentence

3. Types of Participles: Present participles end in –ing
Past participles end in –d, –ed, or are irregularly formed
Examples:
The mangled pair of sunglasses, bruised face, broken arm, and bleeding knees meant Arthur had taken another spill on his mountain bike.

4. Participial Phrases…
…contains a participle and complements or modifiers.
Switching its tail, the panther paced back and forth.
Switching is the participle, its tail is the complement
Living within his budget, he never needs to borrow.
Living is the participle, within his budget is an adverbial prepositional phrase that modifies it
NOTE: participial phrases are often separated by commas!

5. Practice with Participles:
JUST participles:
Page 542, exercise 6
Participial phrases:
Page 545, exercise 9
Page 546, review B

6. Gerunds… …look like verbs, act as nouns
Function as subjects, direct objects (after action verbs), predicate nominatives (following linking verbs), or objects of preposition (follow prepositions)
Can be replaced with “it,” “that,” or “what” and still make sense
Always end in –ing

7. Examples of Gerunds Running is good exercise. (subject)
Because of running, I am in good shape. (object of preposition)
I began running at the age of ten. (direct object)
My favorite sport is running. (predicate nominative)

8. FINDING PARTICIPLES AND GERUNDS
Find the real verb: picture the action in the sentence
What else looks like a verb? (These are the gerunds and participles.)
Does it describe a noun? Can it be removed completely without changing the meaning? (This is a participle.)
Is it a noun? Is it a subject, direct object, predicate nominative, or object of a preposition? Can you replace it with “it,” “this,” “that,” or “what” and still have the sentence make sense? (This is a gerund.)

9. Practice with Gerunds Page 548, exercise 10 Page 549, exercise 11
Pages 549 and 550, review C

10. Infinitives… …are to + a verb
Function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs
NOTE: Some infinitives do not have the word “to” so you must watch the function!
Be careful: “to” is also a preposition so look for the verbal

11. Examples of Infinitives:
I’ll help you [to] pack. (noun – direct object)
The best way to survive Dr. Peterson's boring history lectures is a sharp pencil stab in your thigh if you catch yourself drifting off. (adj. mf.  “way” [which one?])
Kelvin, an aspiring comic book artist, is taking Anatomy and Physiology this semester to understand the interplay of muscle and bone in the human body. (adv. mf.  “taking the class” [why?])

12. Practice with Infinitives:
Page 552, exercise 13
Page 553, exercise 14
Pages 553 and 554 review D

13. Practice with ALL Verbals
Pages 555 and 556 review E