1. The Quantum View of the Atom
Vocabulary:
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
radial probability distribution
shell (energy level)
orbital (subshell)
s, p, d, and f
“Under the Wave off Kanagawa”,
Katsushika Hokusai, 1829

2. What was wrong with Bohr’s model?
Only worked for hydrogen
Violated Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
Where’s the love?

3. Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
You can not know both the position and the energy of an electron simultaneously.

4. Schrodinger and Probability
Erwin Schrodinger solved the problem by developing “probability waves” using his wave equation.
Probability wave: given an electron’s energy, Schrodinger’s wave equations identify the probable location of that electron.
I hope no one asks me to explain that!

5. Probability Waves
We represent probability waves as graphs (called radial probability distributions) of the probable location of an electron in its ground state around the nucleus of an atom.
These graphs are interpreted as orbitals or subshells.
Orbitals (subshells) have various shapes and exist on energy levels called shells.

6. Quantum Numbers
The energy level (shell) that an electron occupies is called the principle quantum number (n).
n can equal 1, 2, 3, …
n=1 means the electron is on the 1st energy level, n=2 means the electron is on the 2nd energy level, etc.

7. Quantum Numbers
Within each shell (energy level) there are subshells that the electrons can occupy. Subshells are also called orbitals.
The subshell an electron occupies is called the Azimuthal quantum number and is assigned a letter: s, p, d, and f.

8. Types of orbitals (subshells)
The “s” orbital ( only one type)
s can orbitals exist on:
n = 1
n = 2
n = 3
n = 4
n = 5
n = 6
n = 7
s orbitals on higher energy levels are larger

9. Types of orbitals The “s” orbital radial probability distribution:
distance from nucleus (Å)
1s orbital
Probability
distance from nucleus (Å)
2s orbital

10. Types of orbitals
The 1s, 2s, and 3s orbital radial probability distributions:

12. Types of orbitals The “p” orbitals (three types)
p orbitals can exist on:
n = 2
n = 3
n = 4
n = 5
n = 6
n = 7
p orbitals on higher energy levels are larger

13. Types of orbitals The “p” orbitals (three types)
all three p orbitals exist simultaneously

14. Types of orbitals The “p” orbitals radial probability distribution:

15. Types of orbitals
The 2p and 2s orbital radial probability distributions in an atom:

16. Types of orbitals The “d” orbitals (five types):
d orbitals can exist on:
n = 3
n = 4
n = 5
n = 6
n = 7
d orbitals on higher energy levels are larger

17. Types of orbitals
The “d” orbitals (all together)

18. Types of orbitals
The 3d, 3p, and 3s orbital radial probability distributions:

19. Types of orbitals The “f” orbitals (7 types): d orbitals can exist on:
f orbitals on higher energy levels are larger

20. Shortcut On any energy level, n2 orbitals can exist:
n=1: s (12 = 1, so only one orbital)
n=2: s, px, py, and pz (22 = 4, so 4 orbitals)
n=3: s, px, py, pz, dxy, dxz, dyz, dz2, and dx2-y2 (32 = 9, so 9 orbitals)
n=4: s, px, py, pz, dxy, dxz, dyz, dz2, dx2-y2, and 7 f orbitals (42 = 16, so 16 orbitals)

21. This is why you learned my model first!
So….
All of these orbitals exist simultaneously.
This is why you learned my model first!
But it was wrong!!