1. Wave Mechanics Model
(Quantum Mechanics)

2. Principle Energy Levels PEL
Still exist just like Bohr described
n=1,2,3,4,5, etc………..
Lowest energy n=1 closest to the nucleus

3. PEL are divided into sublevels
s,p,d,f
PEL n=1 1sublevel
PEL n=2 2 sublevels
PEL n=3 3 sublevels
Get the idea

4. Sublevels have Orbitals
Orbital: most probable area of finding an electron
3D shape
can hold 2 electrons

5. S orbital…there is only 1

6. The 1st PEL has
1 sublevel , it is an S (sphere)
1 orbital
2 electrons

7. P orbitals…..there are 3

8. 3 P Orbitals Combined

9. Individual and Combined P orbitals

10. The second energy level has…
2 Sublevels s and p
S has 1 orbital, p has 3 orbitals
That’s 4 orbital
2 electrons in each orbital means…..
8 electrons

11. Second Energy level Orbitals……

12. The first and second energy level…

13. Valence electrons…. are the LAST s and p orbits therefore…
8 valence electron in virtually all elements
Except H, He, Pd (don’t ask)

14. D orbitals (there are 5)

15. F orbitals (there are 7)

16. All of the orbitals……….

18. So………….