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Warm-Up #2-5 are from quantum # notes
How can you determine how many electrons are in an atom? How many orbitals make up the s sublevel? How many orbitals make up the p sublevel? How many orbitals make up the d sublevel? How many orbitals make up the f sublevel?
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Magnetic Quantum Number (ml)
Describes orientation of the orbital about the nucleus (position) Possible values: -l to +l Orbital Type L Orbital Shape # of Orientations Notations S Sphere 1 P Peanut 3 Px, Py, Pz D 2 Daisy 5 Dxy, Dxz, Dx2, Dy2, Dz2 f Lots of lobes 7 complicated
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Orbital Notation
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Aufbau Principle Electrons fill the lowest available energy orbital before filling higher energy orbitals
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Pauli Exclusion Principle
In a single atom, two electrons cannot have the same set of 4 quantum numbers
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Hund’s Rule When filling degenerate orbitals, each orbital is singly occupied before any orbital is doubly occupied. All electrons in singly occupied orbitals have the same spin.
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Energy Filling Diagram
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Hydrogen Number of Electrons = 1
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Helium Number of Electrons = 2
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Lithium Number of Electrons = 3
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Boron Number of Electrons = 5
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Carbon Number of Electrons = 6
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Oxygen Number of Electrons = 8
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Scandium Number of Electrons = 21
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Silicon Number of Electrons = 14
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Potassium Number of Electrons = 19
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Warm-Up Write the orbital notations for the following 3 elements:
Phosphorus Magnesium Fluorine
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Warm-Up
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Electron Configurations
An abbreviated version of orbital notations Each sublevel is grouped together! s holds 2 electrons p holds 6 electrons d holds 10 electrons f holds 14 electrons
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Examples Nitrogen: 7 electrons Phosphorus: 15 electrons
1s22s22p3 Phosphorus: 15 electrons 1s22s22p63s23p3 Scandium: 21 electrons 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d1
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Examples Iridium: 77 electrons Xenon: 54 electrons
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s24f145d7 Xenon: 54 electrons 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p6 Potassium: 19 electrons 1s22s22p63s23p64s1
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Examples Cobalt: 27 electrons Silicon: 14 electrons
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d7 Silicon: 14 electrons 1s22s22p63s23p2 Cadmium: 48 electrons 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d10
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Practice
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Warm-Up Write the electron configurations for the following elements:
Hydrogen Lithium Potassium Carbon Silicon Tin (Sn)
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