1. Evolution of U.S. Intra-Urban Transport Eras of Change

2. Four Eras of Intra-Metro Growth and Transport Development I Walking-Horsecar Era (1800-1890) I Walking-Horsecar Era (1800-1890) II Electric Street Car Era (1890-1920) II Electric Street Car Era (1890-1920) III Recreational Auto Era (1920-1945) III Recreational Auto Era (1920-1945) IV Freeway Era (1945-present) IV Freeway Era (1945-present)

4. I Walking-Horse Car Era (1800-1890) 1. Highly agglomerated urban form 1. Highly agglomerated urban form 2. Travel largely on foot 2. Travel largely on foot 3. People and activities required to cluster in close proximity 3. People and activities required to cluster in close proximity 4. Arrival of railways in 1830s provided opportunity for daily travel to and from trackside: commuting is born 4. Arrival of railways in 1830s provided opportunity for daily travel to and from trackside: commuting is born 5. 1850s-light street rail drawn by horses emerges 5. 1850s-light street rail drawn by horses emerges 6. Narrow band of land at citys edge opens and horse car suburbs appear 6. Narrow band of land at citys edge opens and horse car suburbs appear

5. II Electric Street Car Era (1890-1920) 1. Invention of electric traction motor stimulated growth of electric trolleys 1. Invention of electric traction motor stimulated growth of electric trolleys 2. Most dramatic impact was swift development of urban fringes-radial trolley corridors 2. Most dramatic impact was swift development of urban fringes-radial trolley corridors 3. Quality of housing and prosperity of streetcar suburbs increased with distance from the central city line 3. Quality of housing and prosperity of streetcar suburbs increased with distance from the central city line 4. Ubiquity of low fare trolley now provided all residents access to intra-city – mass transit is born 4. Ubiquity of low fare trolley now provided all residents access to intra-city – mass transit is born 5. Specialized land use districts emerge- CBD goes up with invention of elevator! 5. Specialized land use districts emerge- CBD goes up with invention of elevator! 6. Widest impact on social geography- congregation of ethnic groups in neighborhoods 6. Widest impact on social geography- congregation of ethnic groups in neighborhoods 7. Faster electric commuter trains superceded steam locomotives in wealthiest suburbs 7. Faster electric commuter trains superceded steam locomotives in wealthiest suburbs

6. III Recreational Auto Era (1920-1945) 1. Electric trolleys, trains and subways begins to transform many cities into metropoli 1. Electric trolleys, trains and subways begins to transform many cities into metropoli 2. Suburbs and mill-town intercity corridors become spatially integrated 2. Suburbs and mill-town intercity corridors become spatially integrated 3. Second urban transport revolution- auto enters the scene with total freedom to travel 3. Second urban transport revolution- auto enters the scene with total freedom to travel 4.1916- > 2mil 1920 > 8 mil 1930s > 28 mil 4.1916- > 2mil 1920 > 8 mil 1930s > 28 mil 5. Main impact- weekend outings; auto dependency commences! 5. Main impact- weekend outings; auto dependency commences!

8. III Recreational Auto Era (1920-1945) continued 6. Suburban home building industry no longer subsidizes private street cars 6. Suburban home building industry no longer subsidizes private street cars 7. Modern urban transit crisis begins 7. Modern urban transit crisis begins 8. During Depression local governments forced to intervene with subsidies from public funds 8. During Depression local governments forced to intervene with subsidies from public funds 9. Expansion of residential development of auto suburbia continues as large packages of cheap land are gobbled up and transformed into suburbs, e.g. Levittown (Philadelphia) 9. Expansion of residential development of auto suburbia continues as large packages of cheap land are gobbled up and transformed into suburbs, e.g. Levittown (Philadelphia)

9. IV Freeway Era (1945 to Present ) 1. Coming of age of the auto culture 1. Coming of age of the auto culture 2. 1956 Interstate Highway Act-massive acceleration of deconcentration process 2. 1956 Interstate Highway Act-massive acceleration of deconcentration process 3. Economic activities discovered footlooseness- no longer tied to central cities-emergence of beltway corridors 3. Economic activities discovered footlooseness- no longer tied to central cities-emergence of beltway corridors 4. Structural changes occur in urban form 4. Structural changes occur in urban form 5. Outlying metro coresedge cities become suburban downtowns 5. Outlying metro coresedge cities become suburban downtowns 6. By 1993, 189 of these new urban agglomerations, e.g. King of Prussia, Tysons Corners, South Coast Metro, Schaumburg, Bellevue 6. By 1993, 189 of these new urban agglomerations, e.g. King of Prussia, Tysons Corners, South Coast Metro, Schaumburg, Bellevue

12. Urban Transport in Post Industrial Metropolis Quaternary (info related) and quinary (management and decision-making based) activities will dominate U.S. employment Quaternary (info related) and quinary (management and decision-making based) activities will dominate U.S. employment With intra-urban location costs fairly well equalized across nation –non-economic forces now shape distribution of high technology With intra-urban location costs fairly well equalized across nation –non-economic forces now shape distribution of high technology Silicon Valley, CA-major university, large pool of skilled and semi-skilled labor, 300 days of sunshine, recreational water, high quality business environment Silicon Valley, CA-major university, large pool of skilled and semi-skilled labor, 300 days of sunshine, recreational water, high quality business environment

13. Urban Transport Challenges of 2010 Decade Efficiencies of moving people about the dispersed, polycentric city Efficiencies of moving people about the dispersed, polycentric city Few new freeways-why? Few new freeways-why? 1. $$$- too expensive 1. $$$- too expensive 2. Environmental regulations 2. Environmental regulations 3. Disruption of existing neighborhoods and land use activities 3. Disruption of existing neighborhoods and land use activities 4. Evidence that such freeways do not improve traffic flow 4. Evidence that such freeways do not improve traffic flow

14. Urban Transport Challenges of the 2010 Decade New public mass transit systems are being pursued New public mass transit systems are being pursued Since 1960s heavy rail : San Francisco, Atlanta, Washington DC, Miami, Baltimore Since 1960s heavy rail : San Francisco, Atlanta, Washington DC, Miami, Baltimore Light rail systems: Portland, Dallas, San Diego, Buffalo, Louisville Light rail systems: Portland, Dallas, San Diego, Buffalo, Louisville But ridership levels have declinedcannot serve low density suburbs But ridership levels have declinedcannot serve low density suburbs

15. Transport Problems and New City Forms Too many new transit systems fail to recognize that traditional CBD focused, hub and spoke network has become irrelevant Too many new transit systems fail to recognize that traditional CBD focused, hub and spoke network has become irrelevant Raid proliferation of suburban downtown- edge cities- magnifies two problems Raid proliferation of suburban downtown- edge cities- magnifies two problems 1. Local level infrastructure usually lags well behind growth in mushrooming cores> congestion results 1. Local level infrastructure usually lags well behind growth in mushrooming cores> congestion results 2. Reshaping of the metro space-economy produces growing geographical mismatch between job opportunities and housing 2. Reshaping of the metro space-economy produces growing geographical mismatch between job opportunities and housing Edge cities surrounded by upper income residential areasso most people who work in edge cities must commute considerable distances from affordable housing Edge cities surrounded by upper income residential areasso most people who work in edge cities must commute considerable distances from affordable housing