1. Multiple Exposure and Extending the Frame
Chapter Six
Multiple Exposure and Extending the Frame

2. Photographing Panoramas
Multiple, side-by-side or overlapping views of the same scene.

3. Panorama: Horizontal/Vertical
Cover the whole scene with horizontal or vertical shots
Vertical shots results in more pixels in the final panorama
Vertical shots cover more height

4. Panorama: Image overlap
How much?
Minimum 20-25%
Conservative 30-50%
Wide-angle lenses (more distortion) need more overlap 40-50%

5. Panorama: Exposure
Brightness levels may vary from one side to the other in the scene, e.g. sky.
Software may help to adjust/smooth out the differences.

6. Panorama: Tips Keep aperture consistent
Use same exposure for all shots
Use same white balance for all shots (not AWB)
Overlap shots 20-50%
Use consistent focal length
Keep camera level
Test the software with exposure differences
Keep it interesting, experiment

7. 360 Degree Panorama
Used in Google Earth/Street View

8. 360 Panorama

9. Activity: 360 Panorama
Install Google Cardboard Camera on your iPhone or Android phone.

10. Dynamic Range
The ability of a sensor device to capture the full tonal detail of an image from highlights to shadows.

11. High Dynamic Range (HDR)
Overcome the dynamic range limits of image sensors
Take multiple exposures of the same picture
Combine them into a single picture
Useful for pictures with big contrast in the scene (e.g. wedding pictures)
Each exposure covers a different range of tones (brightness) in the scene.

12. When to Shoot HDR High contrast outdoor scenes on bright, sunny days
Sunsets
Twilight
Interior locations that combine darker areas with artificial illumination
Views through windows to brightly lit exteriors
Suitable for landscapes, citycapes, architectures, nature, travel, still lifes (portraits)
Not suitable for pictures with moving objects

13. How to Shoot HDR
For longer exposure times (over ½ seconds), use a tripod
Use Auto Exposure Bracketing (AEB) if available
On smartphones, turn on HDR

14. HDR: Exposure considerations
Take a series of shots: 3-7
Number depends on lighting conditions and how much detail in the deepest shadows is needed.
Shoot in RAW

15. HDR: Aperture settings
Same aperture for all shots in series—consistent depth of field (avoid alignment issues)

16. HDR: Shutter speed settings
Shutter speed is adjusted shot by shot to get different amounts of exposure.
Watch out for slow shutter speeds.
Vibration reduction (anti-shaking) lenses help.
Use a tripod if necessary.

17. HDR: Exposure range/steps
Each shot in sequence differs by 1 to 2 stops, ie. double the shutter time on each shot, e.g.

18. HDR: Auto Exposure Bracketing
Built-in camera function in DSLR
Available in Aperture priority (A) mode
Take multiple shots continuously with same aperture but different shutter times.