1. Carole Peterson Memorial University of Newfoundland
“And I Was Very, Very Crying ” Children’s Memory of Medical Emergencies
Carole Peterson
Memorial University of
Newfoundland
11/17/2018
And I Was Very, Very Crying

2. And I Was Very, Very Crying
…and Teddy could hear me right out in the parking lot!
11/17/2018
And I Was Very, Very Crying

3. And I Was Very, Very Crying
11/17/2018
And I Was Very, Very Crying

4. And I Was Very, Very Crying
Overview
Target Events: Injuries Needing Emergency Room Treatment
Recruited from ER
Interview based on Prototype
Children Interviewed 4 Times (Original study)
Shortly after event
6 months later
1 year later
2 years later
Parents Interviewed at 1st Visit
11/17/2018
And I Was Very, Very Crying

5. Student Collaborators
Michael Bell
Suanne Carter
Myra Dean
Nicola Donovan
Craig Dowden
Melody Grant
Tiffany Hardy
Corinna MacDonald
Lisa Moores
Melanie Noel
Tina Parsons
Michelle Rees
Darlene Rice
Regina Rideout
Jennifer Saunders
Tracy Tizzard
Jennifer Tobin
Susan Tobin
Sharon Watton
Nikki Whalen
Gina White
11/17/2018
And I Was Very, Very Crying

6. 2 Year Follow-up: Children 2 -13 Years When Injured
Number of Participants
11 2 year olds
year olds
year olds
year olds
year olds
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And I Was Very, Very Crying

7. Distribution of Stress Levels
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And I Was Very, Very Crying

8. And I Was Very, Very Crying
Data Reduction
Completeness of Recall (% of relevant prototype elements child recalled)
Accuracy of Recall (% of those elements they recalled that were correct)
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And I Was Very, Very Crying

9. Two Years Later: Completeness of Recall
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And I Was Very, Very Crying

10. Percent Components Recalled: Event x Time
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And I Was Very, Very Crying

11. Two Years Later: Accuracy of Recall
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And I Was Very, Very Crying

12. Percent Accuracy of Recall: Event x Time
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And I Was Very, Very Crying

13. And I Was Very, Very Crying
Yes/No Questions
Are questions in yes/no format reliable questions?
Reliability important since most questions in forensic situations are yes/no
11/17/2018
And I Was Very, Very Crying

14. % Accuracy of “Yes” and “No” Responses
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And I Was Very, Very Crying

15. Effect of Stress Level 2 year follow-up
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And I Was Very, Very Crying

16. And I Was Very, Very Crying
Effect of Stress Level Partial Correlations between stress and memory (Age partialled out)
INJURY
– No significant correlations
HOSPITAL
Central details
More complete & more accurate
  Peripheral details
No effect of stress
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And I Was Very, Very Crying

17. 5 Year Follow-up: 2-13 year olds
Number of Participants
year olds
year olds
year olds
year olds
year olds
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And I Was Very, Very Crying

18. Five Years Later: Completeness of Recall
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And I Was Very, Very Crying

19. Five Years Later: Accuracy of Recall
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And I Was Very, Very Crying

20. If the child was pre-narrative (unable to talk about the past)
Ability to recount the past begins at 2-2½ years
Some children injured when only 1 year old (or barely 2 years)
Unable to tell about the event soon after it occurred
Ability to talk about the past (narrate) not yet present
Can they translate these nonverbal memories to verbal accounts?
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And I Was Very, Very Crying

21. Number of children recalling something about the target event.
Age
No Recall
Some Recall
1-Yr-Olds 15 10
2-Yr-Olds 3*
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And I Was Very, Very Crying

22. Classification of Children’s Recall at 5 Years
1-year-olds
2-year-olds
Good recall 1 7
Minimal report 2
Amalgamated
No recall 15 3
11/17/2018
And I Was Very, Very Crying

23. Forensic Implications
What are the courts asking memory experts about children’s long-term memory?
11/17/2018
And I Was Very, Very Crying

24. And I Was Very, Very Crying
Questions
Can a preschooler be a reliable witness?
Can a child under 2 years be a reliable witness?
How important are competency requirements like understanding the concept of truth and lies?
11/17/2018
And I Was Very, Very Crying