1. Chapter 33: Restructuring the Postwar World, 1945-Present
The United States and the Soviet Union vie for superiority, and both countries extend their control over other nations. It was called the Cold War because the two countries never fought directly. (#18)

2. Allies Become Enemies Yalta Conference: A Postwar Plan
In February 1945, British, American, and Soviet leaders meet at Yalta
They agree to divide Germany into zones of occupation when WW Il ends (#6)
Soviet leader Stalin agrees to allow free elections in Eastern Europe
Stalin becomes a dictator of the communist government. (#26)

3. Allies Become Enemies Creation of the United Nations
June 1945, 50 nations form the United Nations—an international organization to stop future wars.(#24)
All members are represented in the General Assembly; 11 nations are on the Security Council
Five permanent members have Security Council veto power

4. Allies Become Enemies Differing U.S. and Soviet Goals
U.S. and Soviets split sharply after WWII ends
U.S. is world’s richest and most powerful country after WWII
Soviets recovering from high war casualties and had many destroyed cities

5. Eastern Europe’s Iron Curtain
Soviets Build a Buffer
WWII Causes a spread of communism in Europe. (#28)
Soviets control Eastern European countries after World War II
Stalin installs Communist governments in several countries
Truman urges free elections; Stalin refuses to allow free elections (#13)
In 1946, Stalin says capitalism and communism cannot co-exist

6. Eastern Europe’s Iron Curtain
An Iron Curtain Divides East and West
Germany is divided; East Germany is Communist, West Germany democratic
Iron Curtain—Winston Churchill’s, (British Prime Minister’s during the war) name for the division of Europe (#1)
Berlin Wall - Divides East and West Berlin. It’s purpose was to stop East Germans from escaping to the West. (#9)
This was the start of the Cold War (#25)

7. United States Tries to Contain Soviets
Containment
Containment—U.S. plan to stop the spread of communism (#19)
The Truman Doctrine
Truman Doctrine—U.S. supports countries that reject communism (#3)
Congress approves Truman’s request for aid to Greece and Turkey

8. United States Tries to Contain Soviets
The Marshall Plan
Much of Western Europe lay in ruins after World War II
Marshall Plan—U.S. program of assisting Western European countries (#2)
Congress approves plan after Communist takeover of Czechoslovakia

9. United States Tries to Contain Soviets
The Berlin Airlift
In 1948, U.S., Britain, and France withdraw forces from West Germany
Their former occupation zones form one country
Soviets oppose this, stop land and water traffic into West Berlin
West Berlin, located in Soviet occupation zone, faces starvation
U.S. and Britain fly in supplies for 11 months until the blockade ends (#4)

10. The Cold War Divides the World
Cold-War—struggle of U.S. and Soviet Union using all means possible without direct fighting between the two.(#18)
Superpowers Form Rival Alliances
In 1949, U.S., Canada, and West European countries form NATO
NATO—North Atlantic Treaty Organization—is a defensive military alliance
In 1955, Soviets and Eastern nations sign the Warsaw Pact alliance (#10)

11. The Cold War Divides the World
The Threat of Nuclear War
Soviet Union explodes its first atomic bomb in 1949
U.S. and Soviet Union both develop the more powerful hydrogen bomb. This was called the “Arms Race” US tests bomb on Bikini Atoll. (#20, #5)
Increasing tensions lead to military buildup by U.S. and the Soviets.

12. The Cold War Divides the World
The Cold War in the Skies
In 1957, Soviets launch Sputnik, first unmanned satellite. THE SPACE RACE BEGINS!
USA devotes more time and money in education and technology.(#17)
In 1960, Soviets shoot down American spy plane (a U-2), increasing tensions

13. 33.3 Wars in Korea and Vietnam
In Asia, the Cold War flares into actual wars supported mainly by the superpowers.

14. War in Korea A Divided Land
38th parallel—line dividing Korea into North Korea and South Korea

16. War in Korea Standoff at the 38th Parallel
In 1950, North Koreans invade South Korea with Soviet support (#7)
South Korea requests UN assistance; 15 nations send troops
Douglas MacArthur—leads UN forces against North Koreans
North Koreans controls most of the peninsula when MacArthur attacks
Half of North Korea’s army surrenders, the rest retreat

17. War in Korea The Fighting Continues
UN troops push North Koreans almost to Chinese border
Chinese send 300,000 troops against UN forces and capture Seoul
MacArthur calls for nuclear attack and is removed from command (#12)
In 1953, cease fire signed and border established at 38th parallel (#7)

18. War in Korea Aftermath of the War
North Korea builds collective farms, heavy industry, nuclear weapons
South Korea establishes democracy, growing economy with U.S. aid

19. Fighting for the Third World
More Than One “World”
Third World—developing nations; often newly independent, nonaligned
Cold War Strategies
U.S., Soviet Union, and China compete for influence over the Third World
They back revolutions and give economic , military and technical aid

20. Fighting for the Third World
Association of Nonaligned Nations
Many countries, like India, want to avoid involvement in the Cold War
In 1955, Indonesia hosts Asian and African leaders who want neutrality
Nonaligned nations—independent countries not involved in the Cold War
They were nonaligned so that they could take money, supplies and equipment from both sides. (#29)

21. Confrontations in Latin America
Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution
Fidel Castro—leads revolt in Cuba against dictator supported by the U.S.
By 1959, Castro in power, nationalizes economy, takes U.S. property
In 1961, Castro defeats U.S. trained Cuban exiles at the Bay of Pigs. It was a failed attempt to over throw Castro.(#22)

22. Confrontations in Latin America
Nuclear Face-off: the Cuban Missile Crisis
In 1962, U.S. demands removal of Soviet missiles in Cuba
Soviets withdraw missiles; U.S. promises not to invade Cuba (#8)
Cuban economy is left dependent on Soviet support

23. Fidel Castro

24. War Breaks Out in Vietnam
The Road to War
Vietnam thought war a battle between Imperialism and nationalism. (#30)
Ho Chi Minh—Vietnamese nationalist, later Communist leader
The Fighting Begins
In 1954, French surrender to Vietnamese after major defeat
Domino theory—U.S. theory of Communist expansion in Southeast Asia. If one country falls others will follow. (#11)
Ho Chi Minh

25. The War in Vietnam,
Indochina – Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam (#23)
Note the Ho Chi Minh Trail through Laos and Cambodia

26. War Breaks Out in Vietnam
Vietnam—A Divided Country
International peace conference agrees on a divided Vietnam
Ngo Dinh Diem—leads anti- Communist government in South Vietnam
Vietcong—South Vietnamese Communist guerillas fighting against Diem
Ngo Dinh Diem

27. Ngo Dinh Diem ( ), President of South Vietnam , with U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower at National Airport, Washington, Direct U.S. involvement in the Vietnam war began in the mid-1950s, when the U.S. took over the struggle from the French. The Eisenhower administration began by supporting the Diem regime, and then providing military advisors and increased support. However, by the end of the Eisenhower term, the U.S. had fewer than 2000 troops in Vietnam. Diem was murdered in a military coup in 1963.

28. Lyndon B. Johnson, the President of the United States from 1963 to 1970, makes a public statement on the Tonkin Gulf incident, August 4, When North Vietnam was said to have attacked two U.S. destroyers, Congress hastily passed the Tonkin Gulf Resolution, giving the president blanket authority to take necessary actions to protect U.S. forces.
Subsequently, there have been serious questions as to what actually occurred in the Tonkin Gulf, but with vastly increased U.S. expenditures, the war quickly escalated; by 1969 the U.S. forces totaled almost 550,000 individuals. There was much opposition to the war in the Congress and among the U.S. people, and Johnson's very considerable domestic policy achievements were overshadowed by the criticism of his war policy.

29. General William C. Westmoreland, McGeorge Bundy and General Kanh of South Vietnam, photographed at Camp Holloway, South Vietnam, in February Gen. Westmoreland commanded the U.S. troops in Vietnam ; Bundy was special assistant for national security to President Johnson from 1961 to 1966, and a key supporter of the Vietnam war.

30. The United States Gets Involved
U.S. Troops Enter the Fight
In 1964, U.S. sends troops to fight Viet Cong and North Vietnamese
U.S. fights guerilla war defending increasingly unpopular government
Vietcong gains support from Ho Chi Minh, China, and Soviet Union

31. The United States Gets Involved
The United States Withdraws
War grows unpopular in the U.S
US can’t gain a clear victory.(#16)
Vietnamization—Nixon’s plan to withdraw U.S. from war gradually
Last U.S. troops leave in 1973; South Vietnam overrun in 1975

32. Nixon appeared on television January 23, 1973, to announce the ceasefire. The agreement ended nearly 12 years of warfare in which 58,000 Americans had lost their lives. It did not contain an enforceable plan for the peaceable settlement of Vietnam's internal problems; within a year, fighting there had resumed. Eventually, the South Vietnamese government of Thieu was defeated by the Provisional Revolutionary Government (PRG) of South Vietnamese communist rebels and North Vietnamese troops. Even had Nixon wished to intervene, Congress passed, over his veto, a ''War Powers Act'' that gave Congress the power to prevent him from acting without its consent - a consent that Congress would have been unwilling to extend in 1974 or 1975.

33. Postwar Southeast Asia
Cambodia in Turmoil
Khmer Rouge—Communist rebels who take control of Cambodia in 1975
They slaughter 2 million people; overthrown by Vietnamese invaders
In 1993, Cambodia adopts democracy, holds elections with UN help
Pol Pot, leader of the Khmer Rouge (Cambodian Communist Party, literally “Red Khmers”) in 1977 at the height of his power

34. Postwar Southeast Asia
The Killing Fields were a number of sites in Cambodia where large numbers of people were killed and buried by the Khmer Rouge regime, during its rule of the country from 1975 to 1979, immediately after the end of the Vietnam War.

35. Postwar Southeast Asia
At least 200,000 people were executed by the Khmer Rouge (while estimates of the total number of deaths resulting from Khmer Rouge policies, including disease and starvation, range from 1.4 to 2.2 million out of a population of around 7 million).
A commemorative stupa filled with the skulls of the victims.

36. Choung Ek Killing Field: The bones of young children who were killed by Khmer Rouge soldiers.

37. Mass grave in Choeung Ek.

38. History in Film: The Killing Fields (1984)
The Killing Fields is a 1984 British drama film about the Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia, which is based on the experiences of three journalists:
Cambodian Dith Pran
American Sydney Schanberg
British Jon Swain.
The film won three Academy Awards, including
Best Supporting Actor for Haing S. Ngor as Dith Pran.
Sam Waterston from Law and Order stars in the film as Sydney Schanberg

39. Postwar Southeast Asia
Vietnam after the War
Saigon renamed Ho Chi Minh City; Vietnam united as Communist nation
About 1.5 million people flee Vietnam, some settling in the U.S. and Canada
In 1995, United States normalizes relations with Vietnam