1. Carbon Based Molecules
Section 2.3

2. Carbons Unique Bonding Properties
Carbon = Building block of life
Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds with many different elements

3. 3 General Structures Carbon can form:
Long chains
Branched chains
Rings
Can form single, double or triple bonds with other carbons

4. 3 General Structures for Carbon:

5. Macromolecules
Macromolecules: large molecules made of carbon compounds
All macromolecules are made of monomers: small subunits that act as building blocks
Polymers: large molecule built by monomers

6. Monomers and Polymers
Mono- = one
Poly- = many

7. Four classes of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

8. 1. Carbohydrates Made of Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O)
Include sugars and starches
Fruits and grains both contain large amounts of carbohydrates

9. 1. Carbohydrates Basic carbohydrates are simple sugars
Simple sugars can be bonded together to make larger carbohydrates

10. 1. Carbohydrates Monomers are called monosaccharides (simple sugar)
Polymers of carbohydrates are called polysaccharides (linked monomers)
Monomer: glucose

11. Functions Short term energy storage Structural support
Ex: Starch, glycogen
Structural support
Ex: Cellulose in plants

12. 2. Lipids Have a large amount of C & H, but very little O
Do not dissolve in water
Non Polar Molecules
Examples: Fats, Oils, Cholesterol

13. 2. LipidsFats Fats have 3 fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol
Glycerol: an alcohol
Fatty Acid: a long chain of C atoms with many H’s attached

14. Lipid Molecule
Triglyceride

15. Lipids  Fats
Saturated fats: only have single bonds between all the carbons in the fatty acid chains
Unsaturated fats: have at least one (or more) double bonds between the carbons

16. Lipids Fats

17. Molecule: Phospholipid
Builds cell membranes
Phosphate head
Fatty acid tails

18. Functions Long term energy storage (Ex. Fats)
Form the cell membrane (Ex. Phospholipids)
Used to make steroid hormones (Ex. Cholesterol)

19. 3. Proteins Composed of H, C, O & N Most varied group
Polymer made of specific monomers, amino acids
20 different amino acids are used to build proteins

20. Proteins  Amino Acids Differ in their side chain called an R-group
Are linked by peptide bonds into chains called polypeptides

21. Examples of AAs:

22. Polymers: polypeptides Polypeptides fold up to form proteins
Example
Monomers: amino acids
Polymers: polypeptides
Polypeptides fold up to form proteins

23. 3. Proteins
The specific sequence of amino acids determines the proteins structure and function

24. Functions: Structural support (collagen) Storage (ovalbumin)
Transport (hemoglobin)
Defense (antibodies)
Enzymes (catalase)

25. 4. Nucleic Acids Made from monomers called nucleotides
Types: DNA & RNA
Functions:
Store genetic information in cells
Give instructions to build proteins

26. Nucleotides:
3 parts:
Phosphate Group
5 carbon sugar
Nitrogenous Base

27. Nucleic Acid: