1. Macromolecules

2. Carbon Carbon is a component of almost all biological macromolecules.
Carbon has four valence electrons and thus, four spaces to create covalent bonds
8 (for the octet rule)-4 valence electrons=4 spaces for bonding.
Organic compounds are compounds containing carbon.

3. Macromolecules
Carbon atoms are joined together to form macromolecules.
Macromolecules: large organic molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules together
Also called polymers: molecules made from repeating units of monomers linked together.
Monomers are small subunits of macromolecules. Think of them as the building blocks of polymers.

4. Carbohydrates Elements present: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
Ratio of elements: 1 oxygen and 2 hydrogen for ever 1 carbon.
Used for: energy storage and structural support
Monomer: Monosaccharaides, sugars 3-7 (CH2O) molecules in a chain.
Ex. Glucose

5. Carbohydrates Cont.
Two monosaccharides joined together form a disaccharide, such as sucrose.
Longer carbohydrate molecules are called polysaccharides, like glycogen.

6. Lipids
A group of chemicals that includes fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, steroids, and sterols (steroid + alcohols).
Elements present: Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and phosphorus
Monomer: no real monomer per se, as there are no repeating units. However lipids are made up of fatty acids and glycerols.
Purpose: Store large amounts of energy long term; form boundaries around cells

7. Lipid Chemical Structure
Fatty acids are non-polar

8. Lipids Saturated Fats Unsaturated Fats
Lipids with only single bonds between carbon atoms.
No more hydrogen can bond to the tail
Unsaturated Fats
Lipids with at least one carbon to carbon double bond.
Can accommodate more hydrogen.

9. Proteins
Elements present: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur
Uses: structural components of animals, control molecules (enzymes), transport and messenger molecules
Monomer: amino acids

10. Protein Function Function: many, many functions hormones movement
signals from one body system to another
insulin
movement
muscle
immune system
protect against germs
enzymes
help chemical reactions

11. Amino Acids Amino acids: protein monomer
Consists of: carboxyl group, amine/amino group, central carbon and a variable side chain (sometimes represented as R)

12. Amino Acids Amino acids chain together into polymers.
Some are hydrophobic
Some are hydrophilic
amino acid

13. Examples

14. Shape Matters
Hydrophilic proteins are attracted to water in the cell and fold out, hydrophobic molecules fold away from water

15. Shape Cont.
As a result of this and also hydrogen bonds between each other, proteins fold.
Shape of a protein determines its job
pepsin
hemoglobin

16. Nucleic Acids
Large complex molecules that contain hereditary or inherited information.
Elements present: Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus
Uses: Carry hereditary information; used to make proteins
Monomer: nucleotides

17. Nucleic Acids Cont. Nucleotides
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine in DNA
In RNA, Thymine is replaced by Uracil

18. Structure
Sugar-Phosphate back bone

19. DNA v. RNA
DNA: double helix
RNA: Single strand

20. Dehydration Synthesis
How bonds are formed between monomers.
Results in two bonded monomers and a molecule of water.

21. Hydrolysis The opposite of dehydration synthesis.
Happens when a molecule of water breaks the bond between two monomers.