1. Taxonomy
Naming and grouping organisms based on characteristics and evolutionary history

2. Linnaeus’s System 1750’s – Based on Form and Structure Binomial
Nomenclature
2 Part Name
1: Genus
2: Species identifier
Capitalize the first part
All underlined or
italicized

3. Modern Classification
Systematics: Classification based on phylogeny
Phylogeny: Evolutionary history of the organisms
Phylogenetic Tree: Shows evolutionary relationship between groups of organisms
Characteristics used:
Fossil Record
Morphology (homologous structures)
Embryological Development
Chromosomes & Macromolecules

4. Cladograms A tree made using the principles of cladistics
Group organisms by shared derived characters – feature only evolved within that grouping

5. Domains Bacteria (Eubacteria) Archaea (Archaebacteria)
Eukarya (Eukaryotes)
Woese based it on ribosomal RNA

6. Kingdoms SIX: Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae
Animalia

7. Archaebacteria

8. Eubacteria

9. Fungi

10. Protists

11. Plants

12. Animals

13. Archaebacteria Prokaryote Autotroph or heterotroph
Lives in harsh environments
volcanic hot springs
some can only survive in environments without oxygen
Cell walls have no peptidoglycan
Cell membranes have unique lipids not found in any other organism
Single cellular
More similar to Eukaryotes

14. Archaebacteria
Methanogens, halophiles

15. Eubacteria Prokaryotic Heterotroph or Autotroph All over
some found in soil
others deadly parasites
Some need oxygen, others are poisoned by oxygen
Cell walls contain peptidoglycan
Single Cellular
Three shapes! Rods, spirals and spheres
Strep throat and E Coli

16. Eubacteria

17. Protists Eukaryotic Autotrophs or Heterotrophs
Animal Like: Heterotrophs
Fungi Like: Absorb nutrients outside of their bodies
Plant Like: Photosynthesis
Survive in moist environments
Many have varied ways of locomotion
Very Varied!
Cell walls made of cellulose
Most unicellular but some multicellular
Amoebas, slime molds, paramecium, giant kelp, algae

18. Protists

19. Fungi Eukaryotic Heterotrophs- Absorb nutrients outside of body
Cell Walls made of chitin
Most mutlicellular but some unicellular
Found on decaying material (decomposers) or on living material (parasitic)
Common molds, Sac Fungi, Club Fungi, Imperfect Fungi

20. Fungi

21. Plants Eukaryotic Autotrophic Found in water and on land
Cell walls made of cellulose and contain chloroplasts
Multicellular
Mosses, Ferns, Cones and Flowers

22. Plants

23. Animals Eukaryotic Heterotrophs Found all over
No cell walls and no chloroplasts
Most can move for at least a part of their life cycle
Multicellular
Vertebrates and invertebrates
Sponges, worms, insects, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

24. Animal

25. Dichotomous Key
Way to determine the specific names of unknown organisms
Two part steps (di- means two)
Step
Part
Trait
Direction 1 A
Size, shape, markings…
Go to Step 2… B
Naming the second part of the group
Go to Step 3… 2
Now split those from 1A in two groups
Second group from 1 A 3

26. E X A M P L ! Dichotomous Key
1. a. Has pointed ears go to 3
1. b. Has rounded ears go to 2
2. a. Has no tail Kentuckyus
2. b. Has tail Dakotus
3. a. Ears point upward go to 5
3. b. Ears point downward go to 4
4. a. Engages in waving behavior Dallus
4. b. Has hairy tufts on ears Californius
5. a. Engages in waving behavior WalaWala
5. b. Does not engage in waving behavior go to 6
6. a. Has hair on head Beverlus
6. b. Has no hair on head (may have ear tufts) go to 7
7. a. Has a tail Yorkio
7. b. Has no tail, aggressive Rajus E X A M P L !