1. Ions!
SNC2D

2. The Why of Ions
Atoms are most stable (and therefore happy) when they have ?

3. The Why of Ions
Atoms are most stable (and therefore happy) when they have full outer shells.

4. The How of Ions
Atoms that have fewer electrons in their outer shells than it would take to fill that shell will preferentially lose electrons.

5. The How of Ions E.g. Sodium has 1 valence electron.
It would need to gain 7 to fill that shell.
So it loses 1 instead.
It now has fewer shells, but the last one is full.

6. The How of Ions
Because sodium has lost a negatively-charged electron, it now has a ?

7. The How of Ions
Because sodium has lost a negatively-charged electron, it now has a positive charge.
Positively-charged ions are called cations.

8. The How of Ions
The elements that form positively-charged ions are metals.

9. Valence Charge
The charge on an ion is said to be its valence charge, or simply valence.
E.g. The valence of sodium is ?

10. Valence Charge
The charge on an ion is said to be its valence charge, or simply valence.
E.g. The valence of sodium is +1 or 1+.
Let’s look at some more metal ions

11. Valence Practice
Given the following Bohr diagrams, what will the valence of the ions be?

12. Valence Practice
Given the following Bohr diagrams, what will the valence of the ions be?

13. Valence Practice
Given the following Bohr diagrams, what will the valence of the ions be?

14. Valence Practice
Given the following Bohr diagrams, what will the valence of the ions be?

15. Valence Practice
Given the following Bohr diagrams, what will the valence of the ions be?

16. Valence Practice
Given the following Bohr diagrams, what will the valence of the ions be?

17. Valence Charge
Note that sodium and lithium, both in the 1st column, have a valence of 1+.
And magnesium and calcium, both in the 2nd column, have a valence of 2+.
Since elements in the same column or family on the periodic table have the same number of ?

18. Valence Charge
Note that sodium and lithium, both in the 1st column, have a valence of 1+.
And magnesium and calcium, both in the 2nd column, have a valence of 2+.
Since elements in the same column or family on the periodic table have the same number of valence electrons, they will typically form ions in the same way and have the same valence charge.

19. Valence Charge
Some metals can form ions in two different ways and have two possible valences; these metals are said to be ?

20. Valence Charge
Some metals can form ions in two different ways and have two possible valences; these metals are said to be multivalent.
E.g. the valence of lead is ?

21. Valence Charge
Some metals can form ions in two different ways and have two possible valences; these metals are said to be multivalent.
E.g. the valence of lead is 2+ or 4+.
To indicate which ion we are dealing with, we write the valence charge in Roman numerals after the name of the metal.
E.g. lead (?) or lead (?)

22. Valence Charge
Some metals can form ions in two different ways and have two possible valences; these metals are said to be multivalent.
E.g. the valence of lead is 2+ or 4+.
To indicate which ion we are dealing with, we write the valence charge in Roman numerals after the name of the metal.
E.g. lead (II) or lead (?)

23. Valence Charge
Some metals can form ions in two different ways and have two possible valences; these metals are said to be multivalent.
E.g. the valence of lead is 2+ or 4+.
To indicate which ion we are dealing with, we write the valence charge in Roman numerals after the name of the metal.
E.g. lead (II) or lead (IV)

24. The How of Ions
Atoms that have more electrons in their outer shells than it would take to fill that shell will preferentially gain electrons.

25. The How of Ions E.g. Chlorine has 7 valence electrons.
It would need to gain 1 to fill that shell.
So it just gains 1
(that was given up by a metal).

26. The How of Ions
Because chlorine has gained a negatively-charged electron, it now has a negative charge.
Negatively-charged ions are called anions.

27. The How of Ions
The elements that form negatively-charged ions are non-metals.

28. the first syllable + the suffix “ide”
The How of Ions
Non-metals, when they form ions, change their names to:
the first syllable + the suffix “ide”

29. Anion names chlorine fluorine bromine oxygen sulphur nitrogen
phosphorus

30. Anion names chlorine chloride fluorine bromine oxygen sulphur nitrogen
phosphorus

31. Anion names chlorine chloride fluorine fluoride bromine oxygen sulphur
nitrogen
phosphorus

32. Anion names chlorine chloride fluorine fluoride bromine bromide oxygen
sulphur
nitrogen
phosphorus

33. Anion names chlorine chloride fluorine fluoride bromine bromide
oxygen oxide
sulphur
nitrogen
phosphorus

34. Anion names chlorine chloride fluorine fluoride bromine bromide
oxygen oxide
sulphur sulphide
nitrogen
phosphorus

35. Anion names chlorine chloride fluorine fluoride bromine bromide
oxygen oxide
sulphur sulphide
nitrogen nitride
phosphorus

36. Anion names chlorine chloride fluorine fluoride bromine bromide
oxygen oxide
sulphur sulphide
nitrogen nitride
phosphorus phosphide

37. Valence Practice
Given the following Bohr diagram, what will the valence of the ion be?

38. Valence Practice
Given the following Bohr diagram, what will the valence of the ion be?

39. Polyatomic Ions
A polyatomic ion is a group of atoms bonded together (by shared electrons) that acts as a single ion. (Ref. p. 161.)
E.g. nitrate NO31-

40. Nick & his Polyatomic Ions
Nick the
Camel had a
Clam for
Supper in
Phoenix

41. Nick & his Polyatomic Ions
Nick the
Camel had a
Clam for
Supper in
Phoenix
First consonants = Name of the ion
e.g. N from Nick stands for:

42. Nick & his Polyatomic Ions
Nick the
Camel had a
Clam for
Supper in
Phoenix
First consonants = Name of the ion
e.g. N from Nick stands for: Nitrate

43. Nick & his Polyatomic Ions
Nick the
Camel had a
Clam for
Supper in
Phoenix
First consonants = Name of the ion
# of vowels = valence
e.g. Nick has 1 vowel so it has:

44. Nick & his Polyatomic Ions
Nick the
Camel had a
Clam for
Supper in
Phoenix
First consonants = Name of the ion
# of vowels = valence
e.g. Nick has 1 vowel so it has: a charge of 1-

45. Nick & his Polyatomic Ions
Nick the
Camel had a
Clam for
Supper in
Phoenix
First consonants = Name of the ion
# of vowels = valence
# of consonants = # of oxygens
e.g. Nick has 3 consonants so it has:

46. Nick & his Polyatomic Ions
Nick the
Camel had a
Clam for
Supper in
Phoenix
First consonants = Name of the ion
# of vowels = valence
# of consonants = # of oxygens
e.g. Nick has 3 consonants so it has: 3 oxygens

47. Nick & his Polyatomic Ions
Nick the
Camel had a
Clam for
Supper in
Phoenix
Write the formulae for the corresponding ions
Nick =
Camel =
Clam =
Supper =
Phoenix =

48. Nick & his Polyatomic Ions
Nick the
Camel had a
Clam for
Supper in
Phoenix
Write the formulae for the corresponding ions
Nick = nitrate NO31-
Camel =
Clam =
Supper =
Phoenix =

49. Nick & his Polyatomic Ions
Nick the
Camel had a
Clam for
Supper in
Phoenix
Write the formulae for the corresponding ions
Nick = nitrate NO31-
Camel = carbonate CO32-
Clam =
Supper =
Phoenix =

50. Nick & his Polyatomic Ions
Nick the
Camel had a
Clam for
Supper in
Phoenix
Write the formulae for the corresponding ions
Nick = nitrate NO31-
Camel = carbonate CO32-
Clam = chlorate ClO31-
Supper =
Phoenix =

51. Nick & his Polyatomic Ions
Nick the
Camel had a
Clam for
Supper in
Phoenix
Write the formulae for the corresponding ions
Nick = nitrate NO31-
Camel = carbonate CO32-
Clam = chlorate ClO31-
Supper = sulfate SO42-
Phoenix =

52. Nick & his Polyatomic Ions
Nick the
Camel had a
Clam for
Supper in
Phoenix
Write the formulae for the corresponding ions
Nick = nitrate NO31-
Camel = carbonate CO32-
Clam = chlorate ClO31-
Supper = sulfate SO42-
Phoenix = phosphate PO43-

53. Nick & his Polyatomic Ions
One extra oxygen
"per-ate"
Normal
One less oxygen
Two less oxygens
Nick
nitrate NO31-
Camel
carbonate CO32-
Clam
chlorate ClO31-
Supper
sulfate SO42-
Phoenix
phosphate PO43-

54. Nick & his Polyatomic Ions
One extra oxygen
"per-ate"
Normal
One less oxygen
Two less oxygens
NO41-
pernitrate
Nick
nitrate NO31-
CO42-
percarbonate
Camel
carbonate CO32-
ClO41-
perchlorate
Clam
chlorate ClO31-
SO52-
persulfate
Supper
sulfate SO42-
PO53-
perphosphate
Phoenix
phosphate PO43-

55. Nick & his Polyatomic Ions
One extra oxygen
"per-ate"
Normal
One less oxygen
"ite"
Two less oxygens
"hypo-ite"
NO41-
pernitrate
Nick
nitrate NO31-
NO21-
nitrite
CO32-
percarbonate
Camel
carbonate CO32-
CO22-
carbonite
ClO31-
perchlorate
Clam
chlorate ClO31-
ClO21-
chlorite
SO42-
persulfate
Supper
sulfate SO42-
SO32-
sulfite
PO43-
perphosphate
Phoenix
phosphate PO43-
PO33-
phosphite

56. Nick & his Polyatomic Ions
One extra oxygen
"per-ate"
Normal
One less oxygen
"ite"
Two less oxygens
"hypo-ite"
NO41-
pernitrate
Nick
nitrate NO31-
NO21-
nitrite
NO1-
hyponitrite
CO32-
percarbonate
Camel
carbonate CO32-
CO22-
carbonite
CO2-
hypocarbonite
ClO31-
perchlorate
Clam
chlorate ClO31-
ClO21-
chlorite
ClO1-
hypochlorite
SO42-
persulfate
Supper
sulfate SO42-
SO32-
sulfite
SO22-
hyposulfite
PO43-
perphosphate
Phoenix
phosphate PO43-
PO33-
phosphite
PO23-
hypophosphite

57. Three More
You should also be familiar with: HCO3- hydrogen carbonate (or bicarbonate) OH- hydroxide NH4+ ammonium