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RNA, DNA, & Proteins Chapter 12 Review
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Another name for protein synthesis
Main enzyme involved in linking nucleotides into DNA molecules during replication DNA polymerase Another name for protein synthesis translation Sugar used to make DNA dexoyribose
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Process of making a DNA copy
replication Nitrogen base with 1 ring such as cytosine and thymine pyrimidine Organism whose cells have a nucleus eukaryote
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Three sequential nucleotides in an mRNA molecule that code for a
Process in which the genetic code of DNA is copied into a strand of RNA transcription Three sequential nucleotides in an mRNA molecule that code for a specific amino acid codon Organism without a nucleus prokaryote
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Nitrogen base with 2 rings like adenine and guanine
Purine Subunit composed of a sugar, nitrogen base, and a phosphate group used to make DNA and RNA nucleotide Principle that hydrogen bonds can only form between certain nitrogen bases Base pairing
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Process in which one strain of bacteria is genetically changed by receiving DNA from another
transformation Series of genes that controls development and differentiation in the developing embryo Hox genes
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Group of three nucleotide bases on a t-RNA molecule that are
Coiled DNA and proteins that are spread out in the nucleus of non-dividing cells chromatin Group of three nucleotide bases on a t-RNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon anticodon
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Tightly packed DNA and proteins that
are “scrunched up” into rod-shaped bundles in dividing cells chromosomes Expressed sequence of DNA that codes for a protein exon Process of making proteins from an RNA message Translation (protein synthesis)
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What is CHARGAFF’S RULE?
G = C Image from:
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Type of RNA that carries DNA code
from the nucleus out to the cytoplasm Messenger RNA Segment of DNA that codes for a protein gene Region of DNA where RNA polymerase binds to start transcription promoter
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Bead-like structures that form when DNA wraps around histones
Protein molecule around which DNA is wrapped to form a nucleosome in chromatin histone Bonds between nitrogen bases that hold the 2 DNA strands together Hydrogen bonds Bead-like structures that form when DNA wraps around histones nucleosome
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Type of RNA that matches its
anticodon and attaches the correct amino acid to the growing protein chain during protein synthesis Transfer RNA Structures found in the cytoplasm made of rRNA and proteins where protein synthesis happens Ribosomes
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Name the scientist who repeated Griffith’s mice-pneumonia
experiment but used enzymes to destroy different kinds of molecules and showed that DNA was the molecule that caused transformation. Oswald Avery
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Type of RNA that combines with proteins to make ribosomes
Ribosomal RNA Sugar found in RNA molecules ribose Group of genes in a prokaryote that operate together operon
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Enzyme that binds to DNA, separates
Region of DNA near the promoter where repressor proteins bind and turn genes off operator Enzyme that binds to DNA, separates the strands, and assembles nucleotide subunits into an RNA molecule RNA polymerase
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Protein that binds to the operator site and stops RNA polymerase from
binding and transcribing a gene repressor Process of changing into different kinds of cells with different functions differentiation
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Macromolecule made by joining nucleotide subunits together
Nucleic acid (DNA & RNA) Virus that infects bacteria bacteriophage Another name for a protein chain polypeptide
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Macromolecule made by joining amino acid subunits together
protein Regulatory region with the sequence TATATA or TATAAA found in many types of organisms which helps position RNA polymerase TATA box
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Sequence of DNA that is NOT involved
in coding for a protein which is cut out of the m-RNA molecule before it is read by the ribosomes intron
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Name the woman scientist whose X-ray images of DNA helped James Watson
and Francis Crick figure out the structure of DNA ROSALYN FRANKLIN
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Double stranded Single stranded Deoxyribose sugar Ribose sugar
Tell 2 ways DNA is different from RNA DNA RNA Double stranded Single stranded Deoxyribose sugar Ribose sugar A,T,C,G A,U,C,G No Uracil No thymine Contains genetic code Carries code from Stays in nucleus nucleus to cytoplasm Helps with protein synthesis
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Making a DNA copy = _____________ Using DNA code to
make an RNA = ___________________ Using an RNA message to make a protein = _______________ replication transcription translation
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A genetic change in a cell due to DNA received from another cell=
____________________. TRANSFORMATION
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JAMES WATSON & FRANCIS CRICK
Name the two scientists received the Nobel prize for figuring out the structure of DNA JAMES WATSON & FRANCIS CRICK
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Griffith’s mice-pneumonia experiment but used enzymes to
Oswald Avery repeated Griffith’s mice-pneumonia experiment but used enzymes to destroy different kinds of molecules before injecting them into the mice. Which molecule was necessary for transformation to occur? DNA
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DNA → DNA = _____________ DNA → RNA = ___________________
RNA → protein = _______________ replication transcription translation
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ALFRED HERSHEY & MARTHA CHASE Name the two scientists whose
Name the two scientists whose bacteriophage-blender experiment helped show that DNA was the molecule that carried the genetic code ALFRED HERSHEY & MARTHA CHASE
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A virus that infects bacteria is called a _______________
BACTERIOPHAGE
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Name this subunit used to build nucleic acids like DNA & RNA
If this was going to make RNA what sugar would be used? Which nitrogen base could NOT be used? Image by: Riedell NUCLEOTIDE ribose THYMINE
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Name this subunit used to build nucleic acids like DNA & RNA
If this was going to make DNA what sugar would be used? Which nitrogen base could NOT be used? Image by: Riedell NUCLEOTIDE deoxyribose URACIL
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Tell what nitrogen base these letters stand for
_____________ = C ______________ = T ______________ = U ADENINE GUANINE CYTOSINE THYMINE URACIL
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Sugar and phosphates Which molecules make up the
backbone (sides of ladder) in a DNA molecule? Sugar and phosphates Image from:
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Nitrogen bases with 2 rings are called ______________
Purines G © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
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DNA that is condensed in the nucleus of
© Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved Nucleosome Chromosome DNA double helix Coils Supercoils Histones DNA that is condensed in the nucleus of dividing cells so it can be transported easily is called _______________ CHROMOSOMES
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Nitrogen bases with 1 ring are called ______________
Pyrimidines T © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
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Hydrogen _____________ bonds
between nitrogen bases hold the two strands together. Hydrogen Image from:
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PROKARYOTES different from DNA in EUKARYOTES?
How is the DNA in PROKARYOTES different from DNA in EUKARYOTES? PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES Single chromosome Many chromosomes Circular (loop) Rod-shaped bundles In cytoplasm in Nucleus (no nucleus) © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
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Which protein does DNA wrap around to form nucleosomes?
© Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved Coils Histones HISTONES
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Name the pieces of message that are NOT edited out and are expressed __________
EXONS Image by Riedell
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© Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall
© Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved Chromosome DNA double helix Coils Supercoils Histones What are the small bead-like bundles called that form when DNA scrunches into chromosomes? nucleosomes
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The sites where strand separation and
Original strand DNA polymerase New strand Growth DNA polymerase Growth Replication fork Replication fork Nitrogenous bases New strand Original strand The sites where strand separation and replication occur are called _____________ replication forks
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Name the 3 kinds of RNA RIBOSOMAL TRANSFER MESSENGER
Combines with proteins to form ribosomes Matches m-RNA codon to add correct amino acids during protein synthesis carries code from DNA to ribosomes TRANSFER MESSENGER rRNA and t-RNA images from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved mRNA image from
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The pieces of message that are edited out are called __________ Where does this editing happen?
INTRONS In nucleus Image by Riedell
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Use the mRNA codon wheel to determine the amino acid being coded for:
C C A =___________ C G U = __________ U U C = __________ G C A = __________ U A G = __________ proline arginine phenylalanine alanine STOP
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_______________ are changes in the genetic material.
MUTATIONS Tell something that can cause mutations. Mistakes in copying DNA Radiation Chemicals in environment
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KINDS OF MUTATIONS Mutations that produce changes in a single gene = ______________________ Mutations that produce changes in whole chromosomes = _____________________ GENE MUTATIONS CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS
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DNA that is spread out in the nucleus of
© Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved Nucleosome Chromosome DNA double helix Coils Supercoils Histones DNA that is spread out in the nucleus of non-dividing cells so the code can be read is called _______________ CHROMATIN
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Mutations involving only one or a few nucleotides are called ________ mutations
Explain why frameshift mutations at the beginning of a gene are more harmful than at the end. point Frameshifts cause everything after the mutation to shift and be misread so mutations at the beginning change more of the code.
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Name this kind of mutation
Changes one base for another A T T C G A G C T A T T C T A G C T → SUBSTITUTION
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Tell the kind of mutation shown:
deletion
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Name the 3 kinds of RNA RIBOSOMAL TRANSFER MESSENGER
rRNA and t-RNA images from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved mRNA image from
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→ A T T C T A G C T Tell the kind of mutation shown: SUBSTITUTION
A T T C G A G C T A T T C T A G C T → SUBSTITUTION
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Tell the kind of mutation shown:
deletion
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codon Amino acid NUCLEUS m-RNA amino acid ribosome t-RNA A= _________
F= _____________ G = __________________ m-RNA amino acid ribosome t-RNA codon Amino acid Images modified from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
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Tell the kind of mutation shown:
INSERTION Image from:
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Mutation that causes the reading frame to shift and be misread.
FRAMESHIFT MUTATION Images modified from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
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Tell the kind of mutation shown:
Segment flips and reads backwards INVERSION Image from:
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Tell the kind of mutation shown
Segment breaks off and joins a different non-homologous chromosome TRANSLOCATION Image from:
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Condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes
= _______________ 3N plants are called ____________ 4N plants are called ____________ POLYPLOIDY triploid tetraploid
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What advantage does polyploidy give to some plants?
What do you call a polyploid human? Makes them bigger and stronger Dead. . . Humans can’t survive with polyploidy!
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Group of genes that operate together are called an ________________
OPERON
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Name the regulatory regions upstream from
promoters in eukaryotic cells that bind many different regulatory proteins Which sequence in eukaryotes helps position RNA POLYMERASE? ENHANCER regions TATA box Image by Riedell
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The changing of a cell to become specialized with different functions is called ___________________
How does this happen? DIFFERENTIATION Cells turn different genes on and off at different times
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Tell what turns the lac operon off.
Repressor sits on the operator blocking RNA polymerase from reading the code
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What turns the lac operon ON?
When lactose is present, the repressor binds lactose instead of the operator Image modified from:
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In what kind of organisms would you find operons?
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes What does the TATA box do? prokaryotes Help position RNA polymerase
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Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
In what kind of organisms would you find TATA boxes and enhancer regions? Prokaryotes Eukaryotes What is the function of hox genes? eukaryotes Control growth and differentiation in developing embryos
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