1. GENETICS

2. DNA A coded information molecule passed from generation to generation.
In asexual reproduction, or mitosis, an identical copy of the DNA is made.
In sexual reproduction, half the DNA from 2 parents is combined (genetic recombination) to form a similar offspring.

3. Genes
DNA is organized into thousands of genes. Genes are segments of DNA that code for a protein.
DNA has the instructions for building all of the proteins that make your body.

4. Genes are represented as stripes or bands on a chromosome

5. Genes code for characteristics and traits.
Genes may be “turned on” or “turned off.”
If a gene is coding for a protein, the gene is “on,” or expressed.
If the gene is not coding for a protein, the gene is “off,” or not expressed.

6. Gene expression may ONLY be altered by the ENVIRONMENT
Gene expression may ONLY be altered by the ENVIRONMENT !!!!!!!!!!(temperature, weather, sunlight, etc.)

7. Gene expression may ONLY be altered by the ENVIRONMENT
Gene expression may ONLY be altered by the ENVIRONMENT !!!!! (temperature, weather, sunlight, etc.)
Rabbit/Fox fur changing from brown to white in winter
Human skin getting suntan
Leaves changing color in the fall
Hair turning gray

8. DNA replication
There are 4 bases in DNA
G C A T

9. DNA replication
There are 4 bases in DNA
G C A T
C G A T

10. Protein Synthesis
In order to build a protein, DNA instructions must first be turned into a strand of mRNA.
DNA GCA TAC GAT
mRNA-

11. Protein Synthesis
In order to build a protein, DNA instructions must first be turned into a strand of mRNA.
DNA GCA TAC GAT
mRNA CGU AUG CUA

12. The mRNA is then sent to the ribosome, where it is read 3 bases at a time.
Every 3 bases codes for an amino acid, the building blocks of proteins

14. Each protein has a specific sequence of amino acids.
The sequence of amino acids determines the shape of the protein
If you change the amino acid sequence, the shape of the protein might change.

15. Mutation A mutation is any change in the DNA sequence of a gene.
deletion, insertion, substitution

16. Insertion
GCAT

17. Insertion
GCAT
GCACT

18. Deletion
GCAT

19. Deletion
GCAT
GCT

20. Substitution
GCAT

21. Substitution
GCAT
GCCT