1. Basic Chemistry

2. Section I
Matter

3. Matter – anything that occupies space and has mass
Matter exists as a solid, liquid, or gas
Anatomy States of Matter Examples:
Solid – bones, teeth
Liquid – blood plasma, interstitial fluid
Gas – air

4. Phase changes Matter can be changed physically or chemically
Physical changes – do not alter the basic nature of a substance
Example: ice melting, cutting food into smaller pieces
Chemical changes – do alter the composition of the substance
Example: fermenting grapes to make wine, digestion of food

5. Energy – the ability to do work
Kinetic energy – movement energy
Potential energy – inactive or stored energy

6. Forms of Energy

7. Composition of Matter Elements Fundamental units of matter
96% of the body is made from four elements
Carbon (C)
Oxygen (O)
Hydrogen (H)
Nitrogen (N)
Many more elements occur in smaller amounts or as trace elements

8. Atoms Building blocks of elements
Elements are designated by a one or two letter chemical shorthand called a chemical symbol

9. Atomic Structure Nucleus Protons: positive charge
Neutrons: neutral charge
Outside of nucleus, found in orbitals:
Electrons: negative charge
Figure 2.1

10. Biochemistry: Essentials for Life
Section 2:
Biochemistry: Essentials for Life

11. Biochemistry: Essentials for Life
I. Inorganic compounds: Lack carbon
Tend to be simpler compounds
Examples:
Water: H2O
Salts: NaCl
Some acids & bases: LiOH, HBr

12. Biochemistry: Essentials for Life
II. Organic compounds: Contain carbon
Examples of organic compounds:
Carbohydrates: glucose
Lipids: fats, steroids, waxes
Proteins: enzymes, antibodies
Nucleic Acids: DNA & RNA

13. Major Inorganic Compounds
MAJOR AREA in Section 2:
Major Inorganic Compounds
(4 of them)
Water
Salts
Acids
Bases

14. Major Organic Compounds
MAJOR AREA in Section 3:
Major Organic Compounds
(5 of them)
Carbohydrate
Lipid
Proteins
Nucleic Acid
ATP

15. Important Inorganic Compounds
1. Water
Most abundant inorganic compounds
Accounts for two-thirds of body weight
60-80%

16. Properties of Water Vital properties
High heat capacity - absorbs and releases large amounts of heat
Polarity/solvent properties - water is the universal solvent
Chemical reactivity - water is a reactant in chemical reaction
Cushioning – water cushions around the brain, joints, and around a fetus

17. Important Inorganic Compounds
2. Salts
Easily dissociate into ions in the presence of water
Vital to many body functions
Example: Electrolytes which conduct electrical currents

18. Important Inorganic Compounds
3. Acids
Can release Hydrogen ions
Proton donator
Ex: Lemons, Citrus, HBr
4. Bases
Can release Hydroxide Ions (OH-)
Proton acceptors
Ex: LiOH, Pepto-Bismal

19. pH Measures relative concentration of hydrogen ions pH 7 = neutral
pH < 7 = acidic
pH > 7 = basic
Figure 2.11

20. Important Organic Compounds
1. Carbohydrates
Contain C,H,O (carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen)
Classified according to size
Example: sugars and starches

21. Types of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Simple sugar
Made of 3 to 7 carbon atoms
Examples:
Glucose - cereals and grains
Ribose - sugar found naturally in body
DeoxyRIBOnucleic Acid (DNA)
Deoxyribose - found in sugar, bread and potatoes (DNA)

22. Types of carbohydrates
Disaccharides
Double sugars formed when two simple sugars are joined
Examples:
Sucrose – cane sugar
Lactose – milk sugar
Maltose – malt sugar

23. Types of carbohydrates
Polysaccharides
Long branching chains of linked simple sugars
Large storage products
Examples:
Starch - cereal grains, pasta
Glycogen - most cuts of meat
Short term energy source

24. Carbohydrates

25. Important Organic Compounds
2. Lipids
Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (C, H, O)
Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen
Insoluble in water

26. Lipids Common lipids in the human body 1. Neutral fats (triglycerides)
Found in fat deposits, where they insulate and protect from heat loss and bumps
Composed of fatty acids and glycerol
Source of stored energy

27. Lipids 2. Phospholipids 3. Steroids Form cell membranes, lipid bilayer
Allows lipid bilayer to be selective about what enters and leaves
3. Steroids
Include cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, and some hormones
(One more slide!)

28. Cholesterol
The basis for all steroids made in the body
Figure 2.14c

29. Important Organic Compounds
3. Proteins
Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
Make up 50% of organic matter in the body
Made up of amino acids
about 20 varieties of amino acids found in proteins
the sequence which they are bound together produces proteins that vary in structure and function

30. Proteins Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies
Provides for construction materials for body tissues
Plays a vital role in cell function

31. Types of Proteins Fibrous or structural proteins
provide strength to body tissues
Examples:
Collagen - in bones, cartilage, tendons
Keratin - in hair and nails

32. Types of Proteins
2. Globular or functional proteins do things and are important in almost all biological process
** Important in bio. processes
Examples:
Antibodies - provide immunity
Hormones - regulate growth and development
Enzymes - catalysts that regulate every chemical reaction

33. Enzymes Act as biological catalysts
Increase the rate of chemical reactions
most enzymes end in the suffix -ASE
Figure 2.17

34. Important Organic Compounds
4. Nucleic Acids
make up the genes that provide the blueprint of life
building blocks: nucleotides
3 parts
nitrogen-containing base
pentose sugar
a phosphate group
Examples:
DNA and RNA

35. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
Nucleic Acids
DNA determines INHERITED characteristics
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
Organized by complimentary bases to form double helix
Figure 2.18c

36. DNA DNA is the genetic material found within the cell nucleus
Has 2 functions:
1 - replicates itself before the cell divides
2 - provides instructions for building every protein in the body

37. RNA
located outside of the nucleus
carries out protein synthesis

38. DNA RNA Nucleotide bases (Adenine) A binds to T (Thymine)
(Guanine) G binds to C (Cytosine)
RNA
A binds to U (Uracil)
G binds to C

39. Important Organic Compounds
5. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Chemical energy used by all cells
Energy is released by breaking high energy phosphate bond
ATP is replenished by oxidation of food fuels

40. How ATP Drives Cellular Work
Figure 2.20