1. Ecology

2. Ecosystems
An ecosystem is all the organisms that live in an area together with the nonliving factors of the environment
Ex. Pond or pine forest or BATESVILLE
Ecology is the study of how organisms interact with each other & the physical environment

3. Populations
All the organisms in an ecosystem that belong to the same species
Ex. Mice living in a meadow or pine trees in a forest or HUMANS
Species are a group of organisms that can mate to produce offspring that can produce more offspring
Ex. Brown pelican or human

4. Community
All the populations of different species that live in an ecosystem & share resources
Ex. Pine tree forest forms a community with populations of deer, mice, raccoons, bacteria, mushrooms, & ferns or Humans that form a community with deer that live here in the ecosystem Batesville.

5. Fill in the circle & give an example as we go through the next slide
Practice
Fill in the circle & give an example as we go through the next slide
Biosphere

6. Levels of Organization

7. Habitat Ex. The polar bears main habitat is
Habitat- The natural environment where an organism lives that provides food, shelter, moisture, & temperature needed for survival
the physical environment
Ex. The polar bears main habitat is
on offshore pack ice, and along coasts and island of the Arctic region. 

8. Group Time!
What kinds of plants & animals do you think you would find living in this habitat?

9. Niche
The unique ways an organism survives, obtains food & shelter, reproduces, cares for its young, and avoids danger (how it has adapted)

10. Ex. Polar Bear Niche
Large feet and short, sharp, stocky claws are adaptations to this environment.
Thick layer of fat under a thick fur to provide protection from extreme cold temperatures
Polar bears depend on sea ice as a platform for hunting seals.
Eat seals, walrus, & fish
Care for young for 2 years

11. Interactions Within Communities
All organisms need ENERGY to survive.
The sun is the source of energy that fuels most life on Earth

12. Bellwork 11/14/17 Tuesday
Explain the difference between an Ecosystem, a Population and a Community. Give Examples of each.

13. Video on Ecosystems

14. Feeding Relationships
Two categories of organisms
Autotrophs are organisms that can make their own food for energy by capturing sunlight or other chemicals
Heterotrophs can not make their own food for energy & must obtain it by feeding on another organism
3 main types
Producers (Autotrophs)
Consumers (heterotrophs)
Decomposers (heterotrophs)

15. Producers
Organisms that make their own food using energy from the sun & raw materials from the environment
Most producers are plants that use the process of photosynthesis to make food

16. Photosynthesis
Plants use carbon dioxide and water with light-energy in the presence of chlorophyll in the chloroplast of the cells to make glucose and oxygen
Directly or indirectly produces food for almost all organisms
Phytoplankton & algae also play a huge role as producers in the environment
carbon dioxide + water + sunlight oxygen + glucose
(CO2) (H2O) (energy) (O2) (C6H1206)

17. Consumers
Organisms that cannot make their own food & Obtain energy by eating other organisms & cellular respiration
Three Types:
Herbivores: eat only plants/producers
Carnivores: eat only animals
Omnivores: eat both plant & animals

18. Examples
herbivore (primary consumer) - eats only plants; includes cows, zebras, horses, deer, some insects
(II) carnivores (secondary consumer) - eats only other consumers (meat); includes cats, owls, seals, spiders, seals, hawks
(III) omnivore (tertiary consumer) - eats both plants and animals; includes raccoons, monkeys, bears, skunks, turtles

19. Consumers

20. Decomposers
Organisms that feed on the dead remains or waste products of other organisms to obtain energy
Ex. Bacteria, earthworms, & fungi

21. oxygen + sugar carbon dioxide + water + energy
Cellular Respiration
The purpose of cellular respiration is to release energy that can be used by cells to perform their specialized function
Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria of cells.
The mitochondria uses glucose & oxygen and converts it in a chemical reaction to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy
oxygen + sugar carbon dioxide + water + energy
6O2 C6H CO H2O

22. Hands up, Stand up, Pair up
Compare & contrast Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration & make a list of what you see?
How are these two processes related to each other?

23. Cell Respiration vs Photosynthesis
respiration: big scale is breathing, small scale is cell eating
photosynthesis: stores energy for producers
respiration: release energy for movement
for consumers

24. Bellwork 11/15/17
1. What are producers?
2. What would happen to our ecosystem if producers were removed from it?

25. Food Chains
A model that shows the flow of energy through feeding relationships among organisms in a particular ecosystems

26. Food Chains Food chains always start with producers!
Sunlight is not alive so sometimes it is not shown.
Organisms get eaten by the organism the arrow is pointing to. For example an animal goes into the mouth of another animal.

27. Food Chain

28. Food Web Food webs are interconnected food chains.
They show how food chains are related and are usually very complex because most consumers eat a variety of different foods and can be eaten by a variety of other consumers.
Food chains and webs always start with producers!!!!

29. Food Web

30. Food Webs
A model that links the organisms within an ecosystem by how they depend on each other for food.
The lines drawn represent the flow of energy through the ecosystem & show a variety of food chains

31. Energy Pyramid
An energy pyramid shows the amount of energy available at each level of a food chain.
Only about 10% of energy is passed to next level.
The rest is lost as heat.
Producers- bottom level- have the most energy
Primary consumers- eat producers
Secondary consumers- eat primary consumers
Tertiary consumers- eat secondary consumers

32. Energy Pyramid

33. Energy Pyramid
The energy pyramid has a large base and becomes smaller at the top.
At the base or the first level are the producers. The energy and the number of organisms are very high.
At the second level are the various consumers.
For each level or feeding stage the energy and number of organisms decreases so the pyramid becomes smaller at the top.

34. Energy Pyramid Organisms on top eat the ones below it;
producers (plants) are on the bottom because they get their energy from the sun!

35. Producers - first level
Herbivores -second level, primary consumers
Carnivores - third level, secondary consumers
Omnivores - top, tertiary consumers, because they eat everything.

36. The bottom of the triangle has to be larger than the top because the things on top eat the things below.
If the pyramid was flipped (smaller on the bottom),
there would be fewer organism and not
enough food.
So, the whole ecosystem would collapse. Sometimes limiting factors cause pyramids to be inverted destroying ecosystems.

37. Energy Pyramid What are the secondary consumers?
If there are 50,000 kcal available to the giraffes, how many are available to the lions?
Why does the energy get lost at each level?

38. Relationships Between Populations
Competition: Occurs when more that one individual or population tries to make use of the same limited resources
Ex. Food, water, or space
Predation: Type of feeding relationship in which one animal captures & eats another animal for food
Animal being eaten is the prey
Animal doing the eating is the predator
Predator/prey relationships help keep an ecosystem in balance by preventing any one population from growing too large

39. Predation