1. Bellwork: Tues. Nov. 28, 2017
What is each number? 2 1 2 3 4 7 2 5 6

3. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Chapter 13
 RNA & Protein Synthesis
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

4. A A T - C G G _____________ T T A – G C C
Remember Replication is when DNA codes for a complimentary strand of DNA:
A A T - C G G
_____________
T T A – G C C

5. Notes:
DNA stays in the cell nucleus.
How does the information get out to carry out what our genes “say” about us?

6. The first step in decoding genetic messages is to transcribe a nucleotide base sequence from DNA to RNA.
So… RNA is not exactly like DNA…

7. Color the Uracil Brown

8. The differences between RNA and DNA:
The sugar in RNA is ribose not deoxyribose.
RNA is generally single-stranded.
RNA contains uracil (U) in place of thymine. (T)
There are 3 main types of RNA:
messenger RNA mRNA
ribosomal RNA rRNA
transfer RNA tRNA

9. Anticodon: 3 consecutive nucleotides
The “words” in the DNA/RNA language are all three letter words called “codons
Codon: 3 consecutive nucleotides on mRNA specifying a particular amino acid.
Anticodon: 3 consecutive nucleotides
on tRNA which are complimentary to
three codon bases.
A codon is a group of three nucleotides on messenger RNA that specify a particular amino acid.
Anticodon

10. RNA contains coded information for making proteins
Genetic messages can be decoded by copying part of the nucleotide sequence from DNA into RNA.
RNA contains coded information for making proteins
Transcription:
DNA is “transcribed” into RNA in a process is called transcription. The RNA code is written using 4 “letters” (the bases: A, U, C, and G).
A = adenine U=uracil
C = Cytosine G = Guanine
Thymine (DNA) is substituted by Uracil (U)!!!).
T T A - G C C
___________

11. Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries copies of instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins.
Ribosomes are made up of proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
The three main types of RNA are messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA.
During protein synthesis, transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers each amino acid to the ribosome.

12. The 20 Amino acids (CHON) &S
are the building blocks of proteins and play many roles in metabolism and other cell processes.
Humans can produce 10 (alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine and tyrosine) of the 20 amino acids
The others must be supplied in the food…such as tryptophan in turkey

13. Leucine in our tears

14. Translation
In translation, messenger RNA (mRNA) produced by transcription is decoded by the ribosomal rRNA to produce a specific amino acid chain, or polypeptide, that will later fold into an active protein:
A A U – C G G
____________

15. Coding for the Amino Acid
Important: ALWAYS READ THE mRNA!!!
mRNA : from above: A A U – C G G
amino acid sequence : ______ - _______
GET THIS FROM THE AMINO ACID CHART:

16. Stop here for today:
11/30/2016

17. How our Genes Work m t t

18. Bellwork: Mon. Dec. 5, 2011

20. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

21.
Protein Synthesis Sim

22. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Amino Acids: building blocks of protein. 20 needed to build proteins for growth, repair, and maintenance of body tissues. 11 made by our body. 9 (called essential amino acids) must come from our diet.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

23. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Essential amino acids: isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine. Another amino acid, histidine, is considered semi-essential because the body does not always require dietary sources of it.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

24. Bellwork: Thurs. Nov. 29, 2012
The purpose of the salt water in the DNA Extraction Experiment was to ________________________________
The purpose of the detergent in the DNA Extraction Experiment was to ________________________________
3. The purpose of the ethyl alcohol in the DNA Extraction Experiment was to ________________________________
4. In the video what does one wrong letter cause?____________________
Cracking the Code of Life “One Wrong Letter”

25. Bellwork:
D is the Normal karyotype for a species of butterfly. Use the chart and the karyotypes of Butterflies A, B, and C to describe the chromosome error and and disorder of each:
Butterfly A
Chromosome Error
Disorder
Trisomy of pair 3
Short antennae
Duplication on pair 1
Extra wings
Deletion on pair 2
Lack of blue pigmentation
Butterfly B
D Normal Female
Butterfly C
Butterfly A:
Butterfly B:
Butterfly C: 25

26. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Classification of an amino acid as essential or nonessential does not reflect its importance, because all 20 amino acids are necessary for health. Instead, this classification system simply reflects whether or not the body is capable of manufacturing a particular amino acid.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

27. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Translation
Translation
Translation is the decoding of an mRNA message into a polypeptide chain (protein).
Translation takes place on ribosomes.
During translation, the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins.
Nucleus
mRNA
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

28. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Translation
The ribosome binds new tRNA molecules and amino acids as it moves along the mRNA.
Lysine
Phenylalanine
tRNA
Methionine
Ribosome
During translation, or protein synthesis, the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins. The cell uses all three main forms of RNA during this process.
mRNA
Start codon
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

29. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Translation
Protein Synthesis
Lysine
tRNA
During translation, or protein synthesis, the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins. The cell uses all three main forms of RNA during this process.
mRNA
Translation direction
Ribosome
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

30. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Translation
The process continues until the ribosome reaches a stop codon.
Polypeptide
Ribosome
tRNA
During translation, or protein synthesis, the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins. The cell uses all three main forms of RNA during this process.
mRNA
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

31. Amino acids within a polypeptide
Genes and Proteins
Codon
Codon
Codon
DNA
mRNA
Protein
Single strand of DNA
Codon
Codon
Codon
mRNA
This diagram illustrates how information for specifying the traits of an organism is carried in DNA. The sequence of bases in DNA is used as a template for mRNA. The codons of mRNA specify the sequence of amino acids in a protein, and proteins play a key role in producing an organism’s traits.
Alanine
Arginine
Leucine
Amino acids within a polypeptide
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

32. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
12–3
The role of a master plan in a building is similar to the role of which molecule?
messenger RNA
DNA
transfer RNA
ribosomal RNA
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

33. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
12–3
A base that is present in RNA but NOT in DNA is
thymine.
uracil.
cytosine.
adenine.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

34. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
12–3
The nucleic acid responsible for bringing individual amino acids to the ribosome is
transfer RNA.
DNA.
messenger RNA.
ribosomal RNA.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

35. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
12–3
A codon typically carries sufficient information to specify a(an)
single base pair in RNA.
single amino acid.
entire protein.
single base pair in DNA.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall