1. DNA/RNA/Protein Synthesis
Replication
Cell Division
DNA/RNA/Protein Synthesis

2. Griffith thought smooth bacteria produced a poison
Griffith thought smooth bacteria produced a poison. He injected mice with heat killed smooth (bad) bacteria with alive rough (good) bacteria. Some “factor” caused good bacteria to change into bad disease causing bacteria. This is called:
TRANSFORMATION!
Griffith “F” for failing to find genetic material! But… He found TRANSFORMATION

3. Avery
Avery got an “A” for finding DNA as the transformation “factor” through testing carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

4. Rosalind Franklin
Used X-rays to determine DNA was a twisted double helix.

5. Created the first model of the DNA and was awarded the Nobel Prize
Watson &
Crick
Double Helix DNA Model

6. Real Picture of a Bacteriophage
Hershey & Chase Bacteriophages (viruses) that chase after bacteria to inject their DNA for infection and replication.
DNA
Real Picture of a Bacteriophage

7. CHARGAFF Chargaff’s Rules of BASE PAIRING! Found:
% of Adenine = % Thymine
% Cytosine = % Guanine

8. Hint: Cystine and Thymine have “y” in their names like Pyrimidine
Hint: You “Pee Urine” (Purine) in an outhouse attached to the main house
Hint: Cystine and Thymine have “y” in their names like Pyrimidine
House
Out-house
REMEMBER: URACIL IS ALSO A PYRIMIDINE

9. DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
What does DNA stand for ?
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

10. DOUBLE HELIX What is the shape of the DNA molecule called?
2 sides like a ladder

11. DNA carries the genetic code to make proteins from amino acids
What is DNA’s function?
CODE FOR ALL LIVING THINGS!!!

12. What is the name of the sugar that is in DNA (nucleotide)?
Deoxyribose

13. What is the difference between the DNA in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?
Cytoplasm

14. What are the specific structures that carry the genetic code found in the nucleus?
Chromosomes

15. Name the 3 parts of a DNA nucleotide (building block = monomer)

16. Why is DNA Replication (making a copy of the original DNA) important?
Must have 2 identical strands of DNA
Cell Division!

17. (S phase of cell cycle) What are the steps of DNA Replication?
DNA unzips
DNA Polymerase (enzyme) attaches to the DNA and adds complimentary bases (A,T,C,G) to make new sides of DNA
Then, DNA Polymerase checks and edits the new side to make sure the proper nitrogen bases are added.
Two identical strands of DNA are created Each with one orig. side + one new side
2 new
DNA Strands

18. C G G T A T G A T Original strand G C C A T A C T A New strand
What are the complimentary bases for the new DNA strand after replication?
C G G T A T G A T Original strand
l l l l l l l l l
G C C A T A C T A New strand
Hydrogen Bonds
What bond holds the nitrogen bases together to form the “steps of the ladder”?

19. Protein that DNA wraps around to coil up
Histone

20. Clusters of Histones with DNA wrapped around them.
What is a Nucleosome?
Clusters of Histones with DNA wrapped around them.

21. Strawberry DNA Extraction Lab
Why did we use…
Soap: Breaks down cell and nucleus lipid membranes
Salt: Neutralizes (+) and (-) charges
Meat tenderizer: Breaks down the protein (Histones) that DNA wraps around
Cold alcohol: Precipitates out DNA

22. What does RNA stand for ? Ribonucleic Acid

23. RNA
Uracil base
Hint:
RNA loves
“U” (Pyrimidine)

24. mRNA- messenger RNA - brings genetic code for proteins out of DNA to ribosome (like a recipe) tRNA – transfer RNA - brings amino acids to ribosomes (like a sous chef bringing ingredients to chef) rRNA – ribosomal RNA- (Ribosome) makes the protein (like the chef)
tRNA
rRNA
mRNA

25. List 3 Similarities and 3 Differences MUST KNOW THIS!
DNA
RNA
Similarities
Both are Nucleic Acids
Sugar - Phosphate Backbones
A, C, G nitrogen Bases
Differences
Deoxyribose Sugar Ribose Sugar
Thymine base Uracil base
Double Helix Single Strand

27. What is the purpose of RNA? To make PROTEINS!!!

28. Where is RNA found?
CYTOPLASM

29. What is the whole process of making proteins that includes
transcription & translation called?
DNA → RNA → PROTEIN
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

30. DNA → RNA is called… “TRANSCRIPTION” In the NUCLEUS, DNA unzips
RNA Polymerase binds to DNA
RNA Polymerase reads DNA’s nitrogen bases and makes and edits mRNA
mRNA goes out to cytoplasm through the nuclear pores

31. RNA Polymerase edits the mRNA during transcription

32. RNA → Protein is called…
“TRANSLATION” (comes LATer)
In the CYTOPLASM, rRNA attaches to mRNA
rRNA reads mRNA beginning at the AUG “START codon”
Each tRNA brings 1 amino acid to ribosome that has an anti-codon to mRNA codon until it reads a “STOP” codon
Amino acids join to form polypeptide (amino acid) chain which is
PROTEIN

33. What is the 3 nitrogen base code on the mRNA called?
Codon
3 Nitrogen bases = 1 Codon
1 Codon codes for 1 Amino Acid

34. Each tRNA brings 1 amino acid to the ribosome
What is the 3 base code on the tRNA that matches with the codon on mRNA?
tRNA
Anticodon
Each tRNA brings 1 amino acid to the ribosome
1 Codon = 1 Amino Acid
3 Nitrogen bases = 1 Codon

35. How many different amino acids are there? 20
How many different codons code for those amino acids? 64

36. Can you Translate this?
A U G U G C G U C U A A

37. Can you Translate this mRNA ?
A U G U G C G U C U A A

38. Only if you have a codon wheel!

39. Change in nucleotide sequence (A,T,C or G)
What is a gene mutation?
Change in nucleotide sequence (A,T,C or G)

40. GENE MUTATIONS Name each type
What kind of DNA mutations are these?
GENE MUTATIONS
Name each type
Substitution (Point Mutation)
Insertion (Frame shift)
Deletion (Frame shift)
Substitution Point Mutation
Insertion
Frame shift Mutation
Deletion
Frame shift Mutation

41. Types of Chromosomal Mutations

42. Picture shows a gene mutation in mice
Which one of these is not a gene mutation? Substitution Deletion Insertion Inversion
Picture shows a gene mutation in mice

43. What genes control the basic body plan for where tissues and organs go in an embryo (organism)?
Hox Genes

44. A U C C G A G C U U G A mRNA Challenge: This is a strand of mRNA.
Can you figure out the piece of DNA that this came from????
mRNA
A U C C G A G C U U G A

45. Keep studying