1. Social and economic measures of development
Development indicators help to tell us what life is like for people in different countries.
Case Study
LIC or NEE: Nigeria (NEE) is experiencing rapid economic growth
HIC: UK’s changing employment patterns and regional growth
Impact of TNCs
Unilever manufacture soap using Nigerian palm oil, employing 1500 people. All palm oil comes from sustainable sources. Company supports education and healthcare projects
Shell Oil mine for oil, but are blamed for causing water and air pollution
Impacts of Aid
Aid isn’t always used effectively because of corruption in the government e.g. money is used to supply the Navy
Donors may have political influence over who does and doesn’t benefit
UK successfully funded health and HIV schemes in rural areas, improving life expectancy and reducing infection rates.
Life expectancy has increased from 46 years in 1990 to 62 today. Access to clean water has increased from 34% to 68%. Economic growth has benefitted many people in Nigeria, although there have been environmental problems.
Changing jobs
Fewer people work in primary (farming) jobs and more in tertiary (service) jobs than before the industrial revolution. In the last 30 years there has been a growth in professional and technical jobs and a decline in unskilled and labouring jobs. This is because of the closure of factories (deindustrialisation) because it is cheaper to buy goods from abroad, where wages are lower, as transport technology improves.
Differences in Regional Growth
North / South divide – education, health and income is lower in the north where traditional primary industries e.g. coal mining employed millions in the past, but not now
Remote rural places like the Outer Hebrides have falling populations because of a lack of transport and jobs whereas South Cambridgeshire is gaining because it is closer to London. Commuter villages develop in the rural areas around London because transport into the city is good.
Social Indicators (people and their lives)
Economic Indicators (jobs and money)
Life expectancy – the average number of years someone lives
Birth rate – the number of live births per 1000 people
Adult literacy rate – the percentage of the population that can read and write
Gross National Income (GNI) Total value of all products made in a country, plus their income from other countries e.g. taxes
Unemployment - the percentage of people without a job who are of working age
What is the Human Development Index?
Combines life expectancy, education and GNI data into one measure. More reliable as an indicator because it measures social and economic indicators.
What is the Demographic Transition Model and how does it link to levels of development? The DTM is a graph which shows birth rates, death rates and total population over time. There are five stages. The least developed (LIC) are in stage 1 and 2 and the most developed (HIC) in stage 4 or 5. Stage 3 would represent a NEE.
Stage 1 – high BR and DR as no medical care
Stage 2 –basic medical care
Stage 3 – more contraception and women start to work
Stage 4 – BR and DR low
Stage 5 – lifestyles are bad and women can’t afford time off work for children
Why is development uneven?
Historical – civil war, colonialism
Physical – natural disasters or extreme climate
Economic – raw materials are low value
What is the Development Gap and how can it be reduced?
The difference in levels of development between the richest and poorest countries. Strategies to reduce it:
Aid – emergency supplies given after a disaster on long term support e.g. school building from a foreign country
Debt Relief – richer countries wipe out the debt of poorer ones, sometimes in exchange for protecting tropical rainforests
Intermediate Technology – supplying water pumps or simple technology to improve lives
Fair Trade – agree a fair price with farmers for raw materials
Science Park – cluster of knowledge based businesses on one site sometimes sharing ideas, and facilities.
Business Park – an area of land occupied by a cluster of businesses e.g. banking

2. Social and economic measures of development
Development indicators help to tell us what life is like for people in different countries.
Case Study
LIC or NEE: Nigeria (NEE) is experiencing rapid economic growth
HIC: UK’s changing employment patterns and regional growth
Impact of TNCs
Unilever manufacture soap using Nigerian palm oil, employing 1500 people.
Shell Oil mine for oil, but are blamed for causing water and air pollution
Impacts of Aid
Aid isn’t always used effectively because of corruption in the government
UK successfully funded health and HIV schemes in rural areas, improving life expectancy and reducing infection rates.
Economic growth has benefitted many people in Nigeria because Life expectancy has increased from 46 years in 1990 to 62 today. Although there have been environmental problems.
Changing jobs
Fewer people work in primary (farming) jobs and more in tertiary (service) jobs than before the industrial revolution.
In the last 30 years there has been a growth in professional and technical jobs and a decline in unskilled and labouring jobs. This is because of the closure of factories
Differences in Regional Growth
North / South divide – education, health and income is lower in the north where traditional primary industries e.g. coal mining employed millions in the past
Outer Hebrides have falling populations because of a lack of transport and jobs
South Cambridgeshire is gaining population because it is closer to London and transport into the city is good.
Social Indicators (people and their lives)
Economic Indicators (jobs and money)
Life expectancy – the average number of years someone lives
Birth rate – the number of live births per 1000 people
Gross National Income (GNI) Total value of all products made in a country, plus their income from other countries e.g. taxes
Unemployment - the percentage of people without a job who are of working age
What is the Human Development Index?
Combines life expectancy, education and GNI data into one measure.
What is the Demographic Transition Model and how does it link to levels of development?
The DTM is a graph which shows birth rates, death rates and total population over time.
Stage 1 – high BR and DR as no medical care
Stage 2 –basic medical care
Stage 3 – more contraception and women start to work
Stage 4 – BR and DR low
Stage 5 – lifestyles are bad and women can’t afford time off work for children
Why is development uneven?
Historical – civil war, colonialism
Physical – natural disasters or extreme climate
Economic – raw materials are low value
What is the Development Gap and how can it be reduced?
The difference in levels of development between the richest and poorest countries. Strategies to reduce it:
Aid – emergency supplies given after a disaster on long term support e.g. school building from a foreign country
Debt Relief – richer countries wipe out the debt of poorer ones, sometimes in exchange for protecting tropical rainforests
Intermediate Technology – supplying water pumps or simple technology to improve lives
Fair Trade – agree a fair price with farmers for raw materials
Science Park – cluster of knowledge based businesses on one site sometimes sharing ideas, and facilities.
Business Park – an area of land occupied by a cluster of businesses e.g. banking