1. Nationalism in Africa SS7H1
The student will analyze continuity and change in Africa leading to the 21st century

2. South Africa
Nationalism – loyalty to a group that one shares a common history, culture and religion
The colony of South Africa was founded in the
mid-1600s by The Netherlands
Dutch settlers came to South Africa and considered
the native Africans servants
The British took over the colony in the early 1800s and the Dutch settlers moved to land occupied by the Zulus; this led to warfare with the Zulus
As a British colony, vast deposits of gold and diamonds were discovered

3. South Africa
In 1912, the African National Congress (ANC) formed as a way for nonwhite Africans to defend their rights
Apartheid means “apartness” and this was the system that the South African government set up for keeping races separate
By 1985, pressure from the ANC and the Pan African Congress caused apartheid to come apart

4. Activists End Apartheid
Activists such as Nelson Mandela, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, and artists and writers such as Nadine Gordimer raised awareness about this unjust system around the world.
Many countries around the world placed trade sanctions on S. Africa to pressure them to end this system

5. The End of Apartheid
In 1990, South African President F.W. de Klerk released Mandela from prison after 26 years!
Apartheid ended and Mandela was elected in 1994 as the first black president after all citizens were given the right to vote.

6. Apartheid in Practice Races were divided into three groups: Whites
People of mixed ancestry & Asians
Black Africans

7. Apartheid in Practice
Black S. Africans had very few rights under this system
Whites owned all the farmland and controlled the resources
There was little access to education, housing, and healthcare for blacks

8. Then……

9. Now…..

10. South African Activists

11. The New South Africa

12. Problems Remain
Although apartheid has ended, resources are still very unequally divided
Most good farmland and mineral resources are still white- owned
The AIDS epidemic, poor-housing conditions, lack of education and resources are still major issues facing South Africa

13. Kenya

14. Kenya 1888: becomes a British colony
Divided Kenya by tribe to make the people easier to control
White settlers own farms and native Kenyans work the land
1920’s-30’s: Kenyans protest
British policies and the
power of European
settlers

15. Kenya
After World War II ( ) Kenyans begin to push for independence (freedom from outside control)
Kenyan African Union, led by Jomo Kenyatta
1963: Kenya granted independence and holds elections for the new government
Kenyatta elected president in 1964; he belonged to the Kenyan African National Union (KANU)

16. Kenyatta’s Rule
Kenya was happy to be free of the British, but under Kenyatta the government was not open or free; one party (KANU) controlled the government
International community said that unless Kenya improved their civil rights record, financial help from other countries would be stopped
Today, there has been some improvement in the political rights of Kenya’s people, but more is needed
The country is set up as a multi-party state, but the KANU controls much of the government

17. Nigeria
An Oil Rich Nation

19. Colonial Period 1861-1914—Britain implements colonial rule of Nigeria
Protesters staged demonstrations and boycotted (refused to buy) British goods
Nigeria gained independence from Britain in 1960
Within a few months, war broke out between the Christian south and the Muslim north

20. Independence and its Aftermath
Achieved October 1, 1960 from Britain
Social unrest and multiple coups:
Elections held in 1999 were more free and open, but he government still remains unstable
President Olusegun Obasanjo

21. Continuing Democracy?
April 2003—Incumbent president Obasanjo peacefully reelected
However there were some irregularities which called the fairness of the Nigerian elections into question
Reports of opposition candidates denied registration
Public access denied in tabulation centers

22. Oil Wealth
Nigeria has the potential to have great wealth from their oil supplies
Because of corruption in the government the rich oil resource has not been fully developed
Nigeria has to rely on foreign aid and supplies for their people

23. Contemporary Nigeria Religion: 50% Muslim 40% Christian
10% Indigenous beliefs

24. Religious Tensions
2000—Adoption of Islamic law by several northern states. Tension over the issue results in hundreds of deaths in clashes between Christians and Muslims.
2002—November: More than 200 people die in four days of rioting stoked by Muslim fury over the planned Miss World beauty pageant in Kaduna.