1. 8 characteristics of living things:
Made of 1 or more cells
Growth and development
Hereditary information (DNA)
Capable of reproduction
Obtains and uses energy
Regulates internal environment (homeostasis)
Reacts to stimuli
Change over time (evolution)

2. Chemistry review
Atom-building block of matter

3. Element- found on the PT; identified by # of protons (+) (# of protons = atomic #)

4. Compound: 2 or more elements chemically combined

5. Molecule-compounds with covalent bonds
H2O

6. Chemical bond: attraction between 2 or more atoms

7. Ionic bond-between a metal & nonmetal (NaCl) ; electrons are transferred

8. Covalent bond-between 2 or more nonmetals; electrons are shared (H2O, O2, CO2)

9. Biomolecules
What are they?
Why do we need them?

10. Types of Biomolecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

11. Monomers
Simplest unit of a biomolecule that makes up larger forms of the biomolecule
For example: simple sugars join together to make starches

12. Polymers
Larger biomolecules that are made up of monomers

13. Carbohydrates Used for immediate energy
If a human has too much, glucose is stored in two ways: liver converts sugars to glycogen; and, also stored as fat
Monomers called monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose

14. Glucose: Used (slow burning) as an immediate energy source by cells (where is energy stored in a glucose molc?)

15. Glucose combines together to form polysaccharides, a polymer (starch)
Cellulose in wood

16. Lipids: glycerol and fatty acids
Fats
Oils
Waxes
Biological membranes:
cell, nuclear, internal membranes of organelles
<small organs within
a eukaryotic cell>

17. Why do lipids have SOOOO much ENERGY?
Because of the many, many, many covalent bonds in the fatty acids

18. Saturated vs. Unsaturated
Solid at room temp:
Liquid at room temp:

19. Nucleic Acids: DNA/RNA
Monomers: nucleotides
Polymers are DNA and RNA

20. Proteins: structure determines function!
Monomers are amino acids
20 different types
Differ according to the R-group
R-groups give amino acids characteristics such as…hydrophilic, hydrophobic, if it will make S-S bridges, acid or basic

21. So, proteins…let’s talk about structure
1’ primary structure: amino acid sequence; polypeptide
2’ secondary: folding of polypeptide (H-bonds)
3’ tertiary: folding again
4’ quaternary: 2 or more polypeptides held together

22. So, proteins…let’s talk about structure
1’ structure: amino acids covalently bond together to produce a peptide.
Covalent bond that hold one amino acid to another is called a peptide bond.
It’s the peptide bond to which Biurets attaches.

23. Protein Uses: structure determines function!
ENZYMES (much more on this later)
Cell membrane receptors
Cell membrane channels and pumps
Cell membrane recognition (id tags)

24. Protein Uses: structure determines function!
Structure: muscles, cytoskeleton, hair
Chemical messengers (hormones)