1. Unit 3 – Integumentary System
Human A&P
Unit 3 – Integumentary System

2. I. ___________________________- skin & structures derived from it, including: _____________________________________ A. Four main physiological features of the integumentary system 1. _____________ the body from the environment. 2. ________________________ via sweating
Integumentary System
Hair, nails, sweat & oils
PROTECTS
Regulates BODY TEMP

3. 3. ________________________ (helps body absorb calcium). 4
3. ________________________ (helps body absorb calcium). 4. ____________________ such as pressure, temperature & pain.
Makes VITAMIN D
Detects SENSATIONS

4. B. Anatomy of Skin & Subcutaneous Layer 1. Features of the skin: a
B. Anatomy of Skin & Subcutaneous Layer 1. Features of the skin: a. also called the ________________ ________________ b. largest ___________ of the body (22 square feet, about ____ lbs, 16% of ______________)
cutaneous membrane
organ 10
Body weight

5. 2. Major Parts of the Skin & subcutaneous layer
_______________- superficial, thinner portion made of 4-5 layers of stratified squamous epithelium
Epidermis

6. ___________ - deeper, thicker, connective tissue
Dermis

7. Cutaneous
membrane =
dermis +
SKIN epidermis

8. ________________________- below the dermis; ____ a part of the skin; contains:
___________tissue (to connect to skin), ____________ (fat for insulation) & large _______________ to supply the skin.
Subcutaneous Layer
NOT
aerolar
Adipose tissue
Blood vessels

9. C. Details of the Epidermis 1. __________ major types of cells
Four
_________________ - (keroTINosite) produces keratin (tough __________ that protects from heat, _________ and chemicals.
keratinocyte
protein
microbes

10. _________________ - involved with __________ responses to fight microbes on the skin
Langerhans cells
immune

11. _________________ - attached to a ___________ nerve cell at a flat spot called a tactile disc that helps detect __________.
Merkel Cell
sensory
touch
Tactile disc of a sensory neuron

12. _________________ - produce melanin (black-brown pigment that absorbs _______ light)
Melanocytes UV

13. stratum
2. Layers or _____________ of the epidermis
_________________ - (“horn layer”) – layers of ___________ keratinocytes which are _________ continuously.
Stratum Corneum
dead
shed

14. _________________ - (“clear layer”) – 3-5 layers of flattened _________, clear keratinocytes. ONLY found in the thick skin of:__________________
____________________
Stratum Lucidum
dead
Fingertips, palms & soles of feet

15. ___________________-
(“little grains layer”) – 3-5 layers of keratinocytes that are in the process of ___________ (dying). These cells contain granules which release __________, lipid secretions to prevent ___________ loss and entry of ____________ materials.
Stratum Granulosum
apoptosis
waterproof
water
foreign

16. Stratum Spinosum
___________________-
(“thornlike layer”) – 8-10 layers of keratinocytes that create extensions into the dermis layer. Also the site of ______________ cells.
Langerhans

17. ___________________-
(“base layer”) – ______ layer of cuboidal or ___________ keratinocytes. Some of these are ____________ that will make new keratinocytes in the skin. (New skin will NOT form if this is damaged and a ___________ is required. Also contains _____________ & _____________.
Stratum Basale
single
columnar
Stem cells
Skin graft
melanocytes
Merkel cells

18. 3. ________________ are modified, tightly packed, hard ____________ of the epidermis.
Nails
keratinocytes

19. a. Anatomy of a nail (dorsal view)
free edge
_______________- the white that extends past the finger

20. a. Anatomy of a nail (dorsal view)
nail body
_______________- the part that is visible

21. a. Anatomy of a nail (dorsal view)
_______________- white part of the nail near the root.
lunula

22. a. Anatomy of a nail (dorsal view)
_______________- protects the nail matrix.
cuticle

23. a. Anatomy of a nail (dorsal view)
Nail Root
_______________- not visible on normal nail. It is the true end of the nail.

24. b. Anatomy of a nail (sagittal section)
Nail Root
cuticle
nail body
lunula
free edge
epidermis
dermis
finger
bone
_______________- surrounds the root and produces the new nail cells.
nail matrix

25. D. Details of the Dermis 1. Two parts of the dermis: a
D. Details of the Dermis 1. Two parts of the dermis: a. _________________- areolar tissue with fine elastic fibers.
Superficial Part

26. i. anatomy of the superficial part of the dermis:
epidermis
dermis
subcutaneous layer

27. _______________- (“nipples”) bumps that increase the surface area of the dermis. Contain either ___________
________________________________
Dermal Papillae
capillaries
tactile receptors or free nerve endings

28. _______________ or ______________
_______________-
detects light touch.
Corpuscle of Touch
Meissner Corpuscle

29. _______________ - detects temperature, pain, tickle and itch.
Free nerve ending

30. _______________ - (NOT part of dermis or epidermis……) thread of fused, __________ keratinized cells.
Hair Shaft
dead

31. b. _______________________- attached to the subcutaneous layer
b. _______________________- attached to the subcutaneous layer. Contains _____________ _____________________ with bundles of collagen and elastic fibers.
Deeper Part
dense irregular connective tissue

32. i. anatomy of deep part of the dermis:
_______________ - oil gland
Sebaceous Gland

33. _______________ - extends into the dermis & sometimes the subcutaneous layer
hair root

34. _______________ - bulb that produces new hair cells
hair follicle

35. __________________ or ________________ sense deeper touch like:_______________
Lamellated Corpuscle
Pacinian Corpuscle
a squeeze or a push

36. _________________________
Adipose Cells (Fat)

37. ________________________-sweat gland
________________________-sweat gland. The ears contain ________________ glands that produce ear wax.
SuDORiferous
gland
CERUMinous

38. _______________-muscle that connects to dermis at one side of the hair follicle. When it ___________, the hair straightens & creates __________
______________.
Arrector Pilli
contracts
goose bumps

39. E. The process of new skin production 1
E. The process of new skin production 1. All new skin is produced in the ______________________ layer. 2. The process: a. _________________ in the stratum basale produce new keratinocytes. b. the new keratinocytes are pushed _______________ through the layers of the epidermis.
epidermis
STEM CELLS
upward

40. c. The cells accumulate more and more _________________ as they move up (a process called keratinization). d. Finally, the cells ____________ and are sloughed off. e. The whole process takes _________________.
keratin
die
4 weeks total!

41. oldest cells (already dead & have been around for 4 weeks)
newest cells (but in 4 weeks, they will be dead & on the top layer)

42. F. Skin & Hair Color 1. Skin color: a
F. Skin & Hair Color 1. Skin color: a. due to the amount of ____________ being produced by the melanocytes of stratum __________ in the _________________. b. the melanin is passed through ____________ of the melanocytes to the keratinocytes.
melanin
basale
epidermis
projections

43. c. _______________ skin makes more melanin but does _________ have skin with more _______________. (We all have the same number of melanocytes).
Darker
NOT
melanocytes

45. 2. Hair Color: a. Due to _________________ made by melanocytes in the ____________ of the hair follicle. b. Different hair colors: i. _________________- has melanin only. ii. __________________- has melanin with ___________ & ___________.
melanin
bulb
Brown or Black hair
Blond & Red hair
iron
sulfur

46. iii. ______________- due to the reduction of melanin.
Gray Hair

48. G. Skin Conditions & Ailments 1
G. Skin Conditions & Ailments 1. _________________- branch of medicine that diagnosis and treats skin diseases & conditions. 2. Coloring of the skin that are __________ of an underlying problem or condition: i. ______________- ____________ skin, nail beds and mucous membranes due to lack of ______________.
Dermatology
signs
blueish
Cyanosis
oxygen

49. FIND PICK OF CYANOSIS SKIN

51. ii. ____________________- ______________ skin and whites of the eyes indicating liver disease (due to the build up of the pigment, bilirubin).
Jaundice
yellowish

52. FIND PIC OF JAUNDICE SKIN

54. iii. ____________________ - ______________ of the skin due to exposure of ____________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________.
Erythema (ery THEE ma)
Redness
exposure to heat, skin injury, infection, inflammation, or allergic reaction.

56. 3. ______________________- skin disorder in which keratinocytes of the epidermis _________ ____________________________________. i. physiology of what is happening: a. an _____________ form of keratin is made which is ___________________. b. causes _________________ and flaking of the skin at the ____________ ____________________.
Psoriasis
divide and move upwards too quickly
abnormal
Flaky & silvery
dandruff
Knees and
elbows

57. c. instead of skin shedding every 4 weeks, it now sheds every _____________________. ii. Effective treatments ________________________ or __________________________________.
7-10 days
Slows cell division rate
Inhibits keratinization

59. 4. _______________________ - caused by an accumulation of melanin that remains deep in the epidermis.
Freckles & Age Spots

61. 5. ________________________- caused by UVA (Ultraviolet A-longer wavelength radiation) we get from the sun that produces oxygen free radicals that disrupt ________________ and elastin fibers.
wrinkles
collagen

63. Tanning
6. ___________________- is due to UV (ultraviolet) exposure that causes an _______________ of melanin production that actually is _______________ than the normal melanin produced. i. A tan is ________________ when the melanin containing keratinocytes are shed from the stratum _______________ of the epidermis.
increase
darker
lost
corneum

64. Overexposure to sun/UV
ii. _____________________ - could lead to __________________. HOW? a. _________________________ - (shorter wavelength radiation) damages _________ and causes genetic mutations in the ________________.
Skin cancer
UVB (ultraviolet B radiation)
DNA
melanocytes

67. Skin Cancer
7. ______________________ - a neoplastic disease that can be caused by overexposure to sun &/or genetic predisposition.

68. i. Type of Skin Cancer:
Cancer Type:
Where it arises from:
Arises from the stratum ____________ of the epidermis.
Basal Cell Carcinoma
basale

69. Ability to Metastisize (spread throughout the body)
Rate of occurrence:
~78% of cases
rarely
____________ metastisizes.

71. Cancer Type:
Where it arises from:
Arises from ______________ cells.
sqaumous
Squamous Cell Carcinoma

72. Ability to Metastisize (spread throughout the body)
Rate of occurrence:
~20% of cases
sometimes
____________ metastisizes.

74. Cancer Type:
Where it arises from:
Arises from ______________ cells.
melanocytes
Malignant Melanoma

75. Ability to Metastisize (spread throughout the body)
Rate of occurrence:
~2% of cases
rapidly
Metastisizes __________ and can kill within _____________.
months

76. pic of patient with malignant melanoma

77. ii. Five Warning Signs of A Malignant Melanoma Growth. a
ii. Five Warning Signs of A Malignant Melanoma Growth. a. It looks like a ________ or __________ BUT has the following features: (THINK “A- B-C-D-E”)
mole
freckle

78. Asymmetrical shape (not circular)
1. _____________________________

79. 2. _____________________________
Border is irregular

80. Coloration is uneven or multicolored
3. _____________________________
Coloration is uneven or multicolored

81. Diameter is larger than a pencil eraser
4. _____________________________
Diameter is larger than a pencil eraser

82. 5. _____________________________
Elevated Mole

83. iii. Risk Factors for Malignant Melanoma: a
iii. Risk Factors for Malignant Melanoma: a. __________________ colored skin that tends to burn. b. HIGH ________________________. c. ___________________ of skin cancer. d. _______________ due to prolonged sun exposure. e. _______________________________.
Light
Sun exposure
Family history
Older age
Weakened immune system