1. 5.3 Conflicts which threatened the negotiations

2. 1992 Mid-1992: SA in difficult situation:
Spirit of optimism and goodwill gone
Violence increasing – fears of civil war

3. Growth in conservative support
Opposition to De Klerk’s announcements
Opposition to removal of last apartheid laws in 1990 / 1991
Concern over violence, exiles and communist participation in talks
Concern over CODESA (“sell out of white interests”)
Key seat captured in 1992 by-election

4. Referendum
1992: Government held referendum among white voters to gauge support for reform process:
70% voted for reforms
Influence of sport and sanctions

5. Increasing violence

6. Boipathong massacre: June 1992
ANC supporters attacked by Inkatha supporters (helped by police)
ANC broke off negotiations
Rolling mass action and strike initiated
International pressure on government increase

7. Boipatong

8. Causes of ANC / IFP violence
Controversial
Third force (no direct evidence)
IFP excluded from major role in negotiations (dominated by ANC)
Tension between hostel dwellers (migrants) and impoverished local residents
Clashing ideologies and cultural groups

9. Bisho massacre: September 1992
Ciskei troops, plus SA soldiers, fired on ANC marchers
ANC and government realized need to continue talks

10. Right-wing resistance:
AWB (under Eugene Terreblanche) supported violent resistance to change:
AWB attempt to sabotage talks unsuccessful

11. International concern
Western governments put pressure on De Klerk
UN sent observers to investigate violence

12. CODESA: process CODESA I (Dec. 1991 – May 1992)
Referendum 1992 (to gauge white support)
CODESA II ( May 1992)
Negotiations broke down (June 1992)
MPNF (April 1993)
Sunset Clause (compromise)