1. Unit 4 Review Ligament, Joint & Nerve Injuries Physical Activity
Mechanical Forces
Fractures
HOPS
SOAP
Tissue Healing

2. Evaluation & Assessment Athletic Injury Terminology
Fracture

3. Inflammatory Response Phase
Once tissue is injured, the healing process begins immediately
This phase is characterized by:
Redness
Swelling
Tenderness/Pain
Increased Temperature of tissue
Loss of function
This phase of healing is CRITICAL to the entire process of healing. If this response does not accomplish what it is supposed to do, normal healing cannot take place.

4. A wide receiver is hit over the lateral aspect of his knee & driven out of bounds by a defensive back. He complains of pain over the medial aspect of his knee.
Shearing

5. Evaluation & Assessment Athletic Injury Terminology
Avulsion Fracture

6. Fibroblastic Repair Phase
Fibers are created, causing a scab/scar in the tissue
Signs and symptoms of inflammation decrease
Increased blood flow during this phase brings nutrients to the injury site – essential for growth
This stage can begin 2hrs after injury and last up to 4 wks

7. A baseball player takes his lead-off from first and attempts to get back to the base when the pitcher throws over. He complains of pain in his right groin area from overstretching.
Tension

8. Mechanical Force Compression What does this picture represent?
A force that crushes the tissue
Result contusion.
What does this picture represent?

9. Evaluation & Assessment Athletic Injury Terminology
Contusion

10. Evaluation & Assessment Athletic Injury Terminology
Dislocation

11. Mechanical Force Tension
A force that stretches or pulls a tissue apart.
Result Strain Sprain

12. Positive Physiological Effects
Cardiorespiratory
Health
Efficiency at using O2 (Oxygen)
Endurance &
Stamina

13. Mechanical Force Shearing A force that moves across the parallel plane
Result Sprain
Strain

14. Evaluation & Assessment Athletic Injury Terminology
Amputation

15. Maturation-Remodeling Phase
Remodeling of the fibers creates scar tissue – according to the force it was subjected to
What does this mean?
If fibers were laid down properly during Phase 1 and 2, the scar tissue will be strong and return close to normal.
If fibroblast stage was too long or too short, the tissue may not return to normal.
With increased stress & strain (Rehab); fibers realign in maximum position = parallel to the lines of tension
Tissue assumes normal appearance, but not as strong as normal tissue.
By the end of 3 wks a firm scar is formed
This phase can last up to 3 years

16. A collision occurs as a defensive lineman tackles a running back
A collision occurs as a defensive lineman tackles a running back. The lineman’s helmet hit the running back’s forearm as he is brought to the ground.
Compression

17. Evaluation & Assessment Athletic Injury Terminology
Abrasion

18. Joint Injuries Subluxation
A partial disruption of the bones that form a joint.
Athletes complain that their joint is “out of socket, but went back in”
“Almost out of place”
Results in
Pain
Decreased ROM
Possible Deformity

19. Inflammation process
White blood cells are delivered to the site of injured tissue – begin the clean up!
Vasoconstriction lasts for 5-10 minutes
Chemical mediators then produce dilation – causing swelling
Formation of a clot begins – scab/scar
This phase lasts 2-4 days after initial injury

20. Evaluation & Assessment Athletic Injury Terminology
Hematoma

21. A batter is hit in the low back as she turns away from an inside pitch…
Compression

22. Evaluation & Assessment Athletic Injury Terminology
Laceration

23. Positive Physiological Effects
Muscle strength
Balance &
Coordination
Falls & Fractures
Endurance &
Stamina
If I have strong muscles then I will have these effects

24. A volleyball player attempts to spike a ball but misses badly
A volleyball player attempts to spike a ball but misses badly. She swings awkwardly & then complains of pain in her hitting shoulder.
Tension

25. Evaluation & Assessment Athletic Injury Terminology
Strain

26. Acute Onset Muscle Soreness
Muscle soreness during or shortly after physical activity.
Caused by a build up of lactic acid.
Resolves quickly.

27. Evaluation & Assessment Athletic Injury Terminology
Sprain

28. Positive Physiological Effect
Bone strength
Prevents joint stiffness
Strengthens ligaments
Helps prevent osteoporosis

29. Time Span Interpret this graph. What does it mean? 3 2
1: Inflammatory Phase
2: Fibroblastic Phase
3: Maturation-Remodeling Phase 1
Injury
6 Wks
Day 4
2-3 Yrs

30. Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness
Muscle soreness which occurs 2 to 3 days after exertion.
Caused by small tears in muscle fibers as a result of weightlifting or eccentric exercise.
Resolves in 5 – 7 days.

31. Evaluation & Assessment Athletic Injury Terminology
Incision

32. Positive Physiological Effects
Cardiovascular
Health
Heart strength,
endurance &
stamina
Blood pumped more efficiently
Helps prevent cardiovascular disease
High Blood Pressure
High Cholesterol

33. Evaluation & Assessment Athletic Injury Terminology
Puncture

34. Negative Physiological Effects
INJURIES!
Sprains
Strains
Fractures
Stress Fractures
Avulsion Fracture
Dislocations
Tendinitis

35. A sprinter over strides coming out of the starting block
A sprinter over strides coming out of the starting block. She stops and slowly walks off of the track to the infield complaining of pain & tightness in her hamstrings.
Tension

36. Negative Physiological Effects
More injuries!
Chronic Over Use
Contusions
Abrasions
Lacerations
Blisters
Heat Illnesses

37. Joint Injuries Dislocation
A complete disruption of the bones that form a joint
Results in
Pain
Deformity
Lack of ROM

38. Joint Injuries Bursa Bursitis
A sac which contains synovial fluid located between tendons & bone to make joint’s movement easier.
Bursitis
Irritation & inflammation of a bursa.

39. Evaluation & Assessment Athletic Injury Terminology
Blister

40. Positive Physiological Effects
Weight Loss & Weight Control
Helps prevent & manage diabetes
Immune System
Helps fight illness & disease

41. Evaluation & Assessment Athletic Injury Terminology
Avulsion

42. Nerve Injuries Paresthesia An abnormal sensation.
Includes numbness, tingling, prickling, burning & stinging.
Results in
Decreased/increased sensation
Possible pain/no pain
Decreased strength

43. Blowout FX

44. Greenstick FX

45. Longitudinal

46. Serrated FX

47. Transverse FX

48. Avulsion FX

49. HOPS/SOAP
MAPPS
HOPS
SOAP
Strain vs Sprain

50. ROM
AROM-
PROM-
RROM-
Active
Passive
Resistive