1. IR Beginnings The hearth of the IR was England in the 18th c.
The Industrial Revolution
IR Beginnings
The hearth of the IR was England in the 18th c.
Wealth from colonization and trade funded inventions like the spinning jenny and James Watt’s steam engine
At first, manufacturing needed to be close to coal fields and ports
Later, the development of railroads, steamboats, and steam locomotives revolutionized the IR

2. Diffusion to Mainland Europe
The Industrial Revolution
Diffusion to Mainland Europe
Manufacturing in continental Europe started near coal fields and ports
The Rhine-Ruhr Valley was an important industrial area for three countries

3. Diffusion Beyond Europe
The Industrial Revolution
Diffusion Beyond Europe
In the 19th c., secondary hearths of industrialization were established in North America, western Russia and Ukraine, and East Asia.
Manufacturing in N. America first began in New England and later flourished along the Great Lakes
In Russia and Ukraine, manufacturing is centered near St. Petersburg and Moscow and along the Volga and Oka rivers
Japan was the first to industrialize in East Asia, and China is a center of manufacturing today

4. Industrial Regions Industry is concentrated in three regions: Europe
Distribution of Industry
Industrial Regions
Industry is concentrated in three regions:
Europe
Asia
East Asia

5. Major Influences on the Contemporary Geography of Manufacturing
Distribution of Industry
Major Influences on the Contemporary Geography of Manufacturing
Intermodal connections, where two or more modes of transportation meet, have reduced transportation costs
Regional trade organizations like NAFTA and the EU have influenced where imported goods are produced
The role of energy supply has changed industrial location decisions

6. New Centers of Industrial Activity
Distribution of Industry
New Centers of Industrial Activity
Deindustrialization is a process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions
New industrial regions emerge as shifts in politics, laws, capital flow, and labor availability occur
East Asia has become a particularly important new region of industrialization

7. New Centers of Industrial Activity
Distribution of Industry
New Centers of Industrial Activity
Four Tigers of East and Southeast Asia: South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore
They were the first newly industrializing countries.
BRICS: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa
Evidence of a shift in global economic power away from the traditional economic core
India has recently become the world’s sixth largest economy. India has no major oil reserves, so it must spend heavily on oil energy.

8. Site and Situation Companies ordinarily face two geographic costs:
Situation, Site, and Industry
Site and Situation
Companies ordinarily face two geographic costs:
Situation factors
Site factors

9. Situation Factors: Proximity to Inputs
Situation, Site, and Industry
Situation Factors: Proximity to Inputs
Proximity to Input - optimal plant location is near the input
Raw material transportation costs > transportation costs of product to consumer
Proximity to Market - optimal plant location is near the market
Raw material transportation costs < transportation costs of product to consumer

10. Situation Factors: Proximity to Markets
Situation, Site, and Industry
Situation Factors: Proximity to Markets
Critical location factor for:
Bulk-gaining industries
Single-market manufacturers
Perishable products
Ship, Rail, Truck, or Air?
Firms seek the lowest-cost mode of transportation
They usually have a break-of-bulk point, which is a location where transfer among transportation modes is possible.

11. Steel: Changing Inputs
Situation, Site, and Industry
Steel: Changing Inputs
The increasing importance of proximity to markets instead of proximity to inputs has changed the distribution of steel.
Motor Vehicles: Changing Markets
Motor vehicles are built near their markets

12. Site Factors: Land, Labor, and Capital
Situation, Site, and Industry
Site Factors: Land, Labor, and Capital
Labor is the most important factor on a global scale.
Capital
Manufacturers usually need to borrow funds to establish new factories or expand existing ones
Land
Lots must be large enough to accommodate efficient, contemporary one-story buildings

13. Changes in Industrial Production
Globalization
Globalization has changed the course of economic geography
Through colonialism and trade, capitalism became the economic foundation of the world economy

14. Changes in Industrial Production
Fordist Production
Fordist Production endured from It was based on Henry Ford’s assembly line, which transformed mass production.
The Fordist period is marked by a surge both in mass production and mass consumption.
Fordists also used vertical integration

15. Changes in Industrial Production
Agglomeration
Alfred Marshall developed the location theory, which claimed that particular industries cluster in certain areas
This is known as localization or, more recently, agglomeration
Marshall believed that localized industries could attract workers with industry-specific skills and attract support services specific to the industry

16. Weber’s Least Cost Theory model
Changes in Industrial Production
Weber’s Least Cost Theory model
Alfred Weber’s least cost theory model explains where industries would cluster
His theory focuses on a factory owner’s desire to minimize three categories of costs:
Transportation
Labor
Agglomeration

17. Flexible Production and Product Life Cycle
Changes in Industrial Production
Flexible Production and Product Life Cycle
Many enterprises today have moved toward a post-Fordist, flexible production model.
Flexible production allows firms to pick and choose among a multitude of suppliers and production strategies all over the world and then quickly shift in response to changes in production costs or consumer demand
Through the process of commodification, new goods are bought, sold, and traded on the market
The product life cycle involves changes in the production of a good over time

18. The Global Division of Labor
Changes in Industrial Production
The Global Division of Labor
Labor is concentrated in the global economic periphery and semi-periphery to take advantage of lower labor costs, whereas research and development is primarily located in the core.
The commodity chain shows that consumption is at the end point in a commodity chain that affects places in a variety of ways

19. Changes within Developed Regions
Changes in Industrial Production
Changes within Developed Regions
Shifts within the US
Right-to-work laws have lured manufacturers
Industry has shifted from the Northeast to the South and West

20. Emerging Industrial Regions
Changes in Industrial Production
Emerging Industrial Regions
Outsourcing has had a major impact on the distribution of manufacturing
The new international division of labor:
High skill production - developed countries
Low skill production - developing countries

21. Emerging Industrial Regions
Changes in Industrial Production
Emerging Industrial Regions
NAFTA eliminated most barriers to moving goods among Mexico, the US, and Canada since 1994
Mexico attracts labor-intensive industries
Plants in Mexico near the US border are maquiladoras
Export Processing Zones are free-trade zones

22. Air Pollution Solid Waste pollution Water pollution
Industry and Pollution
Air Pollution
Burning fossil fuels causes air pollution
Air pollution can damage a region’s vegetation and water supply, lead to acid precipitation, cause temperatures to rise, and deplete the ozone
Air pollution in urban areas tends to be more severe
Solid Waste pollution
About 4 pounds of solid waste per person is generated daily in the US
Water pollution
Point-source pollution enters a body of water at a specific location
Nonpoint-source pollution comes from a large, diffuse area